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PurposeThis article examines the labour market inclusion of documented and undocumented Afghan refugees in Pakistan using and extending Bourdieu's theory of capital.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on 22 semi-structured in-depth interviews with both documented and undocumented Afghan refugees in Pakistan.FindingsThe findings show the low capital endowments of refugees. Their economic capital is shaped by low levels of financial resources, and emotional capital is shaped by their psychological distress and traumata and identity capital takes the form of negative perceptions about them. Their low capital endowments are further reduced through different forms of symbolic violence, such as ambiguous and short-term government policies, bribery and abuse by the police as well as unfair treatment by employers. However, refugees do mobilise their capital endowments to enhance their labour market position. The authors identified resilience as emotional capital, their strategic development of who they are as identity capital as well as social and cultural capital in the form of ethnic and linguistic similarities with locals in finding ways to improve their inclusion in the labour market.Originality/valueThe authors provide insights in the dynamics that lead to and sustain the exclusion and inequalities faced by Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Pakistan and Türkiye host millions of registered Afghan and Syrian refugee respectively and provide them with humanitarian aid. This study highlights the picture demonstrated to the world, made by Türkiye and Pakistan to address refugee crises. In Middle Eastern region, Türkiye is now rising as new major power for the Muslim countries in the multifaceted context, including sympathetically letting in Syrian refugees; however, the in-depth truth is entirely dissimilar. Religious and autonomist fulfilment are fundamental components in Türkiye discrepancy of its dignity in facilitating Syrian refugees with empathy and assistance. Being a strong economy compared to Pakistan and an active member of the international community, Türkiye is violating international law on various refugees' accommodation. Interestingly, in spite of inconsequential assets and lesser affirmation from the global community, Pakistan's extraordinary responsibility as a prototypical host for forty years of emigrants from Afghanistan. Furthermore, the covid-19 pandemic circumstances also pose formidable challenges to both states and develop different refugees' policies. Once again, with an on-going overabundance of challenges, Pakistan provides maximum accommodation to Afghan refugees to survive the pandemic era compared to Türkiye. The research is mainly focused on how Türkiye and Pakistan has managed their socioeconomic resources in handling the refugee crisis.

Pakistan is directed to report on U.S. Grants of rupees to programs for Afghan refugees in Pakistan

Japan has not fulfilled pledges to provide Refugee assistance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan

Denmark is likely to provide additional Refugee assistance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan

Soviet Union. Armed Forces are using new versions of [Tanks; Kalashnikov rifles] in Afghanistan ; Pakistan. Commissionerate of Afghan Refugees. Northwest Frontier Province official reports increases in Afghan refugees in Pakistan from [Paktia Province; Paktika Province] due to intensified Counterinsurgency operations conducted in those areas

Switzerland provides 240 thousand francs for Refugee assistance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan

Canada has not fulfilled its pledge to provide $2 million for Food assistance for Afghan refugees in Pakistan

Pakistan estimates that there are 85 thousand Afghan refugees in Pakistan while the United States Embassy. Pakistan believes the number may exceed 100 thousand

International Rescue Committee is authorized to spend up to $476 thousand in unused Funding for Refugee assistance for Afghan refugees in Pakistan