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It has long been noticed that older people tend to be more religious than younger people. However, it is still disputable whether this fact should be attributed to people generally becoming more religious with age per se (age effect), or to the process of secularization, wherein earlier cohorts (to which the now older people belong) used to be more religious than those that appeared later, younger cohorts (cohort effect). We try to distinguish between these two effects using a multifactor model applied to World Values Survey data (1981-2014) and find that at least in the developed countries the age effect strongly prevails over the cohort effect. This finding has important implications, e.g., that population aging in OECD countries can possibly slow down the transition from religious to secular values. This effect is already visible in some countries, such as Japan.

Since Voas and Crockett (2005), a consensus has emerged in the sociology of religions on the fact that secularization is largely due to a cohort effect. That is, each birth cohort is less religious than the previous one. We use data from the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), a multi-thematic survey based on a random sample representative of the general population since 1999, to understand what is the cohort effect in Switzerland on three indicators of religiosity: religious affiliation, frequency of religious service attendance, and personal prayer, taking into account the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals, which could interfere with cohort, period, or age effects. A first general observation can be drawn from the SHP: for the three religious indicators, a cohort effect is a key factor in explaining the decline of religiosity. Each birth cohort is less religious on all three indicators, that is, younger individuals are less affiliated, practice less often, and pray less than the older cohort. More subtly, we also observe an effect of age or life cycle, especially on the practice, and a period effect on the religious disaffiliation of individuals. Each birth cohort shows a more religious profile of individuals at the start of the cohort than at the end. There is, therefore, an initial movement of distancing from religion by birth cohorts, but this is further accentuated by a period effect for disaffiliation and sometimes accelerated and, at other times, slightly contained by a life-cycle effect.

This paper presents a method that uses observed data from an age-period table to set bounds on the age, period, and cohort effects in an age-period-cohort multiple classification (APCMC) model. The rationale is that with enough periods over a long time span the age distributions within periods on the dependent variable will be affected by different sets of cohorts for each of the periods. This is likely to result in different trends in these separate period age distributions such that the trends in the age distributions will encompass the trend in the age effects that generated the dependent variable values. This approach can help to identify bounds that likely encompass the age, period, cohort parameters that generated the data. The data used in this papers are estimated homicide arrests by single years for those aged 15–64 for the periods 1964 to 2019 in the United States. I utilize the observed trends in the age-distributions for each of the 56 periods as different constraints on the trends for the age effects in the APCMC fixed effects model. These estimates are used to form bounds on the age effects, period effects, and cohort effects.

The effect of school entry age on children’s later performance is a long-debated topic without any convergence. Besides, existing studies have mostly limited themselves to examining the impact of entry age on children’s cognitive achievements. In Germany, where different entry-age regulations exist across federal states and academic tracking takes place very early, it is crucial to investigate whether these differential school entry ages affect children’s outcomes. This study, based on the longitudinal data available from the National Educational Panel Study, investigates the possible entry-age effect on children’s willingness to make an effort and their school enjoyment in the German elementary school context. The study found a positive entry-age effect only for willingness to make an effort but not for school enjoyment, and the existing entry-age effect decreases over time. Therefore, empirical evidence confirms that, in Germany, the entry-age effect persists in the short run and some child outcomes seem more sensitive to entry age than others. These are important findings in the German context where students’ academic tracking starts from lower secondary schooling and entry-age effects may significantly influence it.

Based on two waves of CHARLS data, this paper uses descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression estimation model to analyze the effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly within the framework of three-generation lineal group families.The study found that the diffusion effect of age on the intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly still existed when using a five-year age group model as the measure.In the distribution of intergenerational economic support for the rural elderly by age group, there was a notable decline in economic support from the filial generation for those aged 85 and above.For the age group of 85 and above, it was the grandchild generation that gradually increased its economic support, the result of a form of intergenerational relay for the care of the elderly.Comparison of the two waves of data reveals that familism still exhibits a strong resilience and is behind the intergenerational cooperation in Chinese rural families.The culture of filial piety and respect for elders, which reflects China's national characteristics as well as contemporary values, should continue to be promoted.To achieve this, it is necessary to maintain the supportive function of family-based care for the rural elderly through family-friendly policies and the systematic improvement of the current multi-tiered policies for the care of the rural elderly.

Any studies have found that older parents have shorter‐lived offspring. However, the evolutionary significance of these findings is poorly understood. We carried out large‐scale demographic experiments to examine the direct effect of maternal age and paternal age on offspring aging in inbred and outbred strains of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We found that the age of mothers and, to a lesser extent, the age of fathers can have a large influence on both offspring longevity and the shape of the age‐specific mortality trajectory. In two independent experiments we found that older mothers generally produced shorter‐lived offspring, although the exact effect of maternal age on offspring longevity differed among strains. These results suggest that maternal age effects on progeny aging may influence the evolution of aging.

Objectives Various cognitive and physical abilities decline with age. Consequently, sustainable employability research has focused on the labor market participation of older employees. However, it remains unclear whether age actually affects employees' work and labor-market functioning. A major complicating factor is that age effects can be distorted by time effects. That is, changes over time may not be due to aging but to some structural difference between the times of measurement. The present article aims to provide clarity by estimating age effects on sustainable employability while controlling for potential time effects. Methods Based on two-wave survey data from a sample of 2672 employees (ages 35-65 years) multilevel regressions are estimated to analyze the effects of age and time on sustainable employability. Here, sustainable employability is operationalized as a formative construct consisting of nine dimensions, each capturing a different facet of an individual’s ability to function at work and in the labor market. Results The analyses reveal that age has small effects on only two dimensions (employability and perceived health) while time affects three dimensions (fatigue, job performance, and skill gap) of sustainable employability. Moreover, for all dimensions of sustainable employability most variance exists between (61.43-84.96%) rather than within (15.04-38.57%) subjects. Conclusions These findings suggest that the process of aging has a limited effect on working individuals' capacities to function in their job and the labor market. Consequently, the focus on age in the context of sustainable employability policies and research may require reconsideration.

This study analyzes robust strategic asset allocation under a quadratic security market model with stochastic volatility and inflation rates assuming “age-dependent robust utility” in which relative ambiguity aversion is a decreasing function of age. We show that, unlike homothetic robust utility, age-dependent robust utility cannot be interpreted as homothetic stochastic differential utility. We consider the finite-time consumption-investment problem and derive a linear approximate optimal robust portfolio candidate decomposed into myopic, intertemporal hedging, and inflation–deflation hedging demands. Our numerical analysis of the approximate optimal allocation to the S &P500 shows modest hump-shaped age effects, similar to the results of a previous empirical analysis, and that the upswing is due to the increase in myopic demand, while the downswing is due to the decrease in intertemporal hedging demand.

Parental age can have considerable effects on offspring phenotypes and health. However, intergenerational effects may also have longer term effects on offspring fitness. Few studies have investigated parental age effects on offspring fitness in natural populations while also testing for sex‐ and environment‐specific effects. Further, longitudinal parental age effects may be masked by population‐level processes such as the selective disappearance of poor‐quality individuals. Here, we used multigenerational data collected on individually marked Seychelles warblers (Acrocephalus sechellensis) to investigate the impact of maternal and paternal age on offspring life span and lifetime reproductive success. We found negative effects of maternal age on female offspring life span and lifetime reproductive success, which were driven by within‐mother effects. There was no difference in annual reproductive output of females born to older versus younger mothers, suggesting that the differences in offspring lifetime reproductive success were driven by effects on offspring life span. In contrast, there was no association between paternal age and female offspring life span or either maternal or paternal age and male offspring life span. Lifetime reproductive success, but not annual reproductive success, of male offspring increased with maternal age, but this was driven by between‐mother effects. No paternal age effects were found on female offspring lifetime reproductive success but there was a positive between‐father effect on male offspring lifetime reproductive success. We did not find strong evidence for environment‐dependent parental age effects. Our study provides evidence for parental age effects on the lifetime fitness of offspring and shows that such effects can be sex dependent. These results add to the growing literature indicating the importance of intergenerational effects on long‐term offspring performance and highlight that these effects can be an important driver of variation in longevity and fitness in the wild.

Recent research suggests that the relative age of a student within a grade has a causal effect on educational achievement, and that this effect fades with the duration of schooling. In this study, we estimate the causal relative-age effect on track choice in Austria, a country where students are first tracked in grade 5 (at the age of 10 years), and again in grade 9. We find a strong positive relative-age effect on track choice in grades 5-8. The age effect persists beyond grade 8 for students from less-favorable socioeconomic backgrounds and students in urban areas.