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"Agricultural pests"
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Attack of the stink bugs!
\"Though stink bugs werent introduced to the United States until the 1990s, this invasive species has spread to nearly every state in the country. Their biggest enemies? Farmers who dont like them feeding on crops and fruits. Readers dont need to smell a squished stink bug to understand the harm they can cause not only to crops, but also to native species. The main content and fact boxes discuss how the stink bugs ended up in the United States and the efforts being made to stop their population from growing even more\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Handbook of pest management in organic farming
An up-to-date, comprehensive reference for pest management in organic systems, including practical advice, tables and diagrams. Introductory chapters explore the management of crops to prevent outbreaks, plant protection tools, natural enemies and pest control. Crop-based chapters discuss geographic distribution, economic importance and key pests.
eBook
Crossing multiple life stages: fine-grained classification of agricultural pests
Background
Pest infestation poses a major challenge in the field of global plant protection, seriously threatening crop safety. To enhance crop protection and optimize control strategies, this study is dedicated to the precise identification of various pests that harm crops, thereby ensuring the efficient use of agricultural pesticides and achieving optimal plant protection.
Results
Currently, pest identification technologies lack accuracy, especially in recognizing pests across different growth stages. To address this issue, we constructed a large pest dataset that includes 102 pest species and 369 pest stages, totaling 51,670 images. This dataset focuses on the identification of pest growth stages, aimed at improving the efficiency of pest management and the effectiveness of plant protection. Moreover, we have introduced two innovative technologies to tackle the significant differences between pest growth stages: a Multi-stage Co-supervision mechanism and a Spatial Attention module. These technologies significantly enhance the model’s ability to extract key features, thus boosting recognition accuracy. Compared to the industry-leading Vision Transformer-based methods, our model shows a significant improvement, increasing accuracy by 3.67% and the F1 score by 2.49%, without a significant increase in the number of parameters.
Conclusions
Extensive experimental validation has demonstrated our model’s significant advantages in enhancing pest identification accuracy, which holds substantial practical significance for the precise application of pesticides and crop protection.
Journal Article
Potential of IThuja occidentalis/I L. Essential Oil and Water Extracts against Field Crop Pests
Thuja occidentalis L. essential oil (EOTO) and its compounds, such as terpinyl acetate, bornyl acetate, and β-thujone, are claimed to be highly effective against some storage pests, sanitary insects, or pests of fruit trees, while data about its use in protecting field crops are very scarce. There is also a lack of information in the literature about the insecticidal value of water extracts from T. occidentalis (WETOs). Both essential oils (EOs) and water extracts (WEs) from various plants have advantages and disadvantages in terms of their use as insecticides. EOs are generally more effective, but their preparation is more complicated and quite expensive. In turn, WEs are simple to prepare and cheap, but they often have limited effectiveness. Moreover, significant differences in responses exist depending on the species of the donor plant, the method of preparing the extract, its concentration, the species of the pest being controlled, the developmental stage, and even the gender of the pest. The goals of the research were to assess the effect of EOTO and WETOs prepared from dry and fresh matter on the mortality, feeding, and body mass changes of important crop pests, i.e., the black bean aphid, pea leaf weevil, and Colorado potato beetle (CPB), respectively, as well as on the mortality and voracity of non-target organism Asian lady beetle young larvae. EOTO showed significant aphicidal activity with LC[sub.50] = 0.8267% and 0.2453% after 42 h of the experiment for nymphs and wingless females of black bean aphid, respectively. Adults of CPB were more resistant to EOTO than aphids, with LC[sub.50] values for females equal to 1.5327% and 1.3113% after 48 h and after 72 h of the experiment. There was no significant effect of EOTO on CPB foraging. Calculated LC[sub.50] values for pea leaf weevil adults were lower than those for CPB (0.9638% and 0.8573% for males after 12 h and 24 h, respectively). In the case of this pest, a clear reduction in foraging was obtained, with higher concentrations of EOTO resulting in more pronounced reductions in foraging behavior. Concentrations of EOTO above 0.5%, which showed efficacy against the aphid, were lethal to 3-day-old larvae of the Asian lady beetle. WETOs, in turn, showed significant potential in inhibiting adult pea leaf weevil feeding, with very low or no effectiveness in reducing A. fabae and CPB, respectively.
Journal Article
electroantennogram test, wind tunnel, and in silico study
Sex pheromone analogs have high structural similarity to sex pheromone components. They also play a role in studying many agricultural pests. In our study, (Z, Z, Z)-3,6,9-nonadecadiene (Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy) was successfully synthesized, which is an analogue to 1 of 2 sex pheromone components of Ectropis grisescens Warren (Z, Z, Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene (Z3Z6Z9-18:Hy), and it showed potential inhibition in experiments. In the electroantennogram test, Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy showed a dose-dependent response, and only measured half the response of Z3Z9-6,7-epo-18:Hy. However, the compound significantly reduced positive response of E. grisescens males by up to 70% in the Y-tube olfactometer. Furthermore, in the wind tunnel, it significantly inhibited all types of behavioral responses. The percentage of moths contacting the pheromone odor source was reduced even at the lowest dose tested. In silico study afterward, molecular docking results showed affinity between Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy and sensory neuron membrane protein 1. Our study revealed the potential of Z3Z6Z9-19:Hy as a sex pheromone inhibitor, which would provide new tools for monitoring and mating disruption of E. grisescens. Key words: Ectropis grisescens, inhibition, sex pheromone, pheromone analogs, pest control
Journal Article
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management: Current Concepts and Ecological Perspective presents an overview of alternative measures to traditional pest management practices using biological control and biotechnology. The removal of some highly effective broad-spectrum chemicals, caused by concerns over environmental health and public safety, has resulted in the development of alternative, reduced risk crop protection products. These products, less toxic to the environment and easily integrated into biological control systems, target specific life stages or pest species. Predation - recognized as a suitable, long-term strategy - effectively suppresses pests in biotechnological control systems. Integrated Pest Management covers these topics and more. It explores the current ecological approaches in alternative solutions, such as biological control agents, parasites and predators, pathogenic microorganisms, pheromones and natural products as well as ecological approaches for managing invasive pests, rats, suppression of weeds, safety of pollinators, role of taxonomy and remote sensing in IPM and future projections of IPM. This book is a useful resource to entomologists, agronomists, horticulturists, and environmental scientists.
Fills a gap in the literature by providing critical analysis of different management strategies that have a bearing on agriculture, sustainability and environmental protection Synthesizes research and practice on integrated pest managementEmphasizes an overview of management strategies, with critical evaluation of each in the larger context of ecologically based pest management
eBook
From the Americas to Southeast Asia: Navigating The Genomic Waves of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Invasions
ABSTRACT
The fall armyworm (FAW), scientifically known as Spodoptera frugiperda, is an agricultural pest native to the American continents. Its larvae display voracious feeding behavior with a host range of over 350 plant species. The pest was first detected outside the Americas in 2016, subsequently spreading across Africa, Asia, and Oceania. As a country with substantial agricultural imports and exposure to regional migration routes, Malaysia presents a valuable case study for investigating the establishment and adaptation of invasive FAW populations. Forty‐two novel Malaysian FAW genomes were sequenced on the DNBSEQ‐G400 platform via DNBSeq. A subset of high‐quality genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms was used to compare the evolution of both native and invasive FAW populations, with publicly available samples from another 18 countries from across the world. Our analyses revealed clear genetic differentiation between native and invasive FAW populations. We found little evidence to support West African populations as the founding source for Asian or East African invasions. Instead, Malaysian FAW clustered closely with populations from India, China, and East African countries, suggesting multiple, independent introductions into the region. Genomic outliers related to sensory perception, insecticide resistance, and heat tolerance were detected, likely contributing to the recent global success of FAW invasions. This study provides new genomic insights into the invasion history and adaptive strategies of FAW in Malaysia, contributing to a clearer picture of FAW movement across Asia and Africa. The results provide critical information for future pest management and policy‐making to mitigate the spread of this invasive pest.
Journal Article
Special Collection: World-Scale Ecology and Management of Fall Armyworm : The Spodoptera frugiperda Host Strains: What They Are and Why They Matter for Understanding and Controlling This Global Agricultural Pest
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) is a moth native to the Western Hemisphere where it is a major pest of corn (maize) and multiple other crops. It is now a global threat with its recent discovery and dissemination in the Eastern Hemisphere. Its broad host range is in part due to two subpopulations denoted as 'host strains' that differ in host plant specificity. Therefore, identifying the strains present in a location is critical to assessing what crops are at risk of infestation. However, much remains uncertain about how the strains differ and even on the fundamental issue of how they are identified. Complicating factors include the host strains are morphologically indistinguishable, the defining behavior of the strains (host plant specificity) is variable, and the existence of significant differences between geographical populations and laboratory colonies that are independent of strain identity. These factors contribute to substantial disagreements in the literature on presumptive strain differences. This paper presents a summary of strain characteristics and suggests the criteria that should be met before concluding a trait is 'strain-specific'. The intent is to facilitate a common understanding of what the strains represent and to develop a more consistent experimental framework for studies on strain phenotypes. Evidence is summarized that supports a primary role for Z-linked genes in strain identity, which has potential implications for genetic approaches to define the strains, and we discuss the possibility that the strains arose from allopatric (rather than sympatric) speciation processes. Key words: Spodoptera frugiperda, host strain, host race, maize, speciation
Journal Article
Morphological Variation Tracks Environmental Gradients in an Agricultural Pest, Phaulacridium vittatum (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Invertebrate pests often show high morphological variation and wide environmental tolerances. Knowledge of how phenotypic variation is associated with environmental heterogeneity can elucidate the processes underpinning these patterns. Here we examine morphological variation and relative abundance along environmental gradients in a widespread agricultural pest, native to Australia, the wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt). We test for correlations between body size, wing presence, and stripe polymorphism with environmental variables. Using multiple regression and mixed-effects modeling, body size and stripe polymorphism were positively associated with solar radiation, and wing presence was positively associated with foliage projective cover (FPC). There were no associations between body size or morphological traits with relative abundance. However, relative abundance was positively associated with latitude, soil moisture, and wind speed, but was negatively associated with FPC. Therefore, sites with low relative abundance and high forest cover were more likely to contain winged individuals. Overall, our results suggest that environmental and climatic conditions strongly influence the relative abundance and the distribution of morphotypes in P. vittatum, which is likely to affect dispersal and fitness in different landscapes. This knowledge is useful for informing how environmental change might influence the future spread and impact of this agricultural pest.
Journal Article