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"Agriculture Nile River Valley."
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The Nile and ancient Egypt : changing land- and waterscapes, from the Neolithic to the Roman era
\"The tale of human habitation of the Nile Valley is a long one and includes famine, disaster, global environmental events, and human resolve told against a background of ever-changing landscape. In this volume, Judith Bunbury examines the region over a 10,000 year period, from the Neolithic to the Roman conquest. Charting the progression of the river as it meanders through the region and over the ages, she demonstrates how ancient Egyptians attempted to harness the Nile's power as a force for good. Over the generations, they learned how to farm and build on its banks, and also found innovative solutions to cope in a constantly evolving habitat. Using the latest theories and evidence, this richly illustrated volume also provides a blueprint for the future management of the Nile\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hydrochemistry and quality appraisal of groundwater in Birr River Catchment, Central Blue Nile River Basin, using multivariate techniques and water quality indices
Due to the continuous population growth and the expansion of industry and agriculture in Ethiopia, groundwater demand has been increasing to supplement the erratic surface water. Therefore, the availability of sufficient and clean groundwater should be appraised and tracked regularly to secure its multi-purposes. This work aims to assess the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking, and irrigation uses and identifies the key factors controlling groundwater quality in the Birr River Catchment (BRC), Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. For this purpose, a total of 79 groundwater samples were assessed for physicochemical parameters. Major ion analysis, multivariate techniques (MCA, HCA, and PCA), and multi-hydrochemical indices were applied in the analysis of groundwater quality data. Hydrochemical analysis indicated that the principal cation and anion were Ca
2+
and HCO
3
−
, respectively. The spatial analysis of the major ions revealed a positive trend for Mg
2+
, Na
+
, K
+
, HCO
3
−
, Cl
−
, and SO
4
2−
along the groundwater flow path from the upland to the Birr river valley. Conversely, Ca
2+
shows a deleterious tendency along the groundwater flow direction. The aquifer has three principal hydrochemical facies: Ca–HCO
3
, Ca/Mg–HCO
3
, and Na–HCO
3
. The water quality analysis indicates that with the exception of TDS, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, and HCO
3
−
in a few locations, most of the parameters analyzed are within the WHO allowable limits and are thus considered suitable for drinking water. The combined use of Gibbs and ionic ratio plots confirmed that silicate weathering was invariably prevailing in the region. The Chloro–Alkali Indices (CAIs) have indicated that cation exchange occurs in more than 85% of groundwater samples. However, there were indications of the influence of reverse ion exchange in the rest of the data. The MCA, PCA, and HCA disclosed that geo-genic sources accompanied by human activities mainly control the groundwater quality of the catchment. However, water quality assessment indices show that groundwater in the highest proportion of the catchment is suitable for human consumption and agricultural use.
Journal Article
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Egyptian National Security, and human and food security in the Nile River Basin
For centuries and emboldened by colonial treaties, Egypt has enjoyed overwhelming hydro-hegemony in the (NBR) Nile Basin River region. However, Egyptian dominance over the NBR has been challenged by Ethiopia following her unilateral construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Using A qualitative, deductive approach based on multiple sources of evidence, this paper analyses the historical imbalance in the Nile colonial treaties that gave Egypt monopoly over the waters of the NBR. The article also describes various human security threats in the Benishangul-Gumuz region, where the dam project is located and the geopolitical implications of this development against the backdrop of climate change and the coming of new actors and donors such as China, including the leasing of land to corporations and countries such as India, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. We recommend collaborative and holistic management instead of the dominant state-centric water development approach in this international waterway. The development of sustainable cooperation over this shared waterway will help meet climate change challenges and mitigate the contemporary conflict between Ethiopia and Egypt, including other countries within the region.
Journal Article
Groundwater of Egypt: \an environmental overview\
Although Egypt has the great Nile River, which is the main supply of water, Egypt's water is limited to 55.5 billion m3 per annum. Owing to the rapid growth of the population and the increasing consumption of water in agriculture, industry, domestic use, etc., it is expected that Egypt will rely to some extent on groundwater to develop the new projects such as Tushka in Upper Egypt and East Oweinat. Issues related to groundwater in Egypt are identified with the common geological features associated with formation of the aquifers and demonstrating the location of the main resources of groundwater, followed by the main objective of this paper, which is addressing the environmental issues related to groundwater in Egypt. Several studies have been reviewed and personal communication made with the authorities to introduce this work and provide an overview of the groundwater quality problems in Egypt with examples from different parts of the country. (PUBLICATION ABSTRACT)
Journal Article
Geophysical and hydrological investigations at the west bank of Nile River (Luxor, Egypt)
Luxor, the modern Egyptian city that occupies the site of ancient Thebes, is famed for its magnificent ancient monuments. Since 1967, the Aswan high dam has prevented the annual flooding of the Nile River, resulting in excessive salt accumulation on the Nile floodplains and on exposed monument surfaces. In addition, the expansion of agricultural land within the Luxor study area has resulted in increased salinity and groundwater level. These conditions accelerate the degradation of buried and exposed monuments that were fairly well preserved in the past. To mitigate this problem, it is necessary to first understand the near-surface setting and the groundwater conditions of the Luxor area. A geophysical investigation was carried out using resistivity and electromagnetic surveys. In addition, a chemical analysis was conducted of some surface water samples collected from canals and the sacred lake of Memnon Temple. Based on the results of the geophysical surveys and the chemical analysis of the water samples, the shallow subsurface was characterized into four geoelecterical units. Groundwater flow directions were determined to be from the central area to the west, causing a rise in the groundwater levels and groundwater salinity in the area of monuments.
Journal Article
Riverine Environments
This chapter contains sections titled:
Transportation Canals
Pollution
Dams
Conclusion
References
Book Chapter
