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Corn : a global history
\"Originating in Mesoamerica 9,000 years ago, maize - or, as we know it, corn - now grows in 160 countries. In the New World, indigenous peoples referred to corn as \"Our Mother,\" \"Our Life,\" and \"She Who Sustains Us.\" Today, the United States is the world's leading producer of corn, and you can find more than 3,500 items in grocery stores that contain corn in one way or another - from puddings to soups, margarine to mayonnaise. In Corn: A Global History, Michael Owen Jones explores the origins of this humble but irreplaceable crop.\"--Back cover.
Book
Soybean genotypes on the development of soybean looper
Constitutive mechanisms of plants are responsible for affecting herbivore/host interactions, resulting in behavioural or metabolic effects capable of reducing crop losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soybean genotypes (Glycine max [L.] Merr.; Fabaceae) BRS 391, BRS 6203RR, TEC IRGA 6070RR, BMX ValenteRR, BMX Icone Ipro, and the breeding lines PELBR 10-6000RR and PELBR 10-6049RR in Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) through the evaluation of the following biological parameters: duration and viability of all development phases, number of larval instars, sex rate, weight and deformation of pupae, and the fertility life table. For this, 150 larvae per genotype were used, maintained at 25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% RH, 14:10 h (L:D) photophase. The frequency of the width of cephalic capsules indicated the occurrence of 6 larval instars for the genotypes. The TEC IRGA 6070RR and BMX Icone Ipro genotypes caused 100% larval mortality in the first 5 d. The BRS 391 and BRS 6203RR genotypes reduced larval viability; the latter also presented the highest percentage of deformed pupae. The BMX ValenteRR genotype promoted the lowest egg viability. The PELBR 10-6049RR and PELBR 10-6000RR breeding lines are not predisposed to antibiosis and were more susceptible to C. includens. The BRS 6203RR, BRS 391 and TECIRGA 6070RR genotypes significantly affected the biological parameters of C. includens, characterizing the expression of antibiosis, thus, they can be considered for use in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul (REC 101) to reduce the larval population.
Journal Article
Coupled dynamics in soil : experimental and numerical studies of energy, momentum and mass transfer
In arid and semi-arid areas, the main contributions to land surface processes are precipitation, surface evaporation and surface energy balancing. In the close-to-surface layer and root-zone layer, vapor flux is the dominant flux controlling these processes - process which, in turn, influence the local climate pattern and the local ecosystem. The work reported in this thesis attempts to understand how the soil airflow affects the vapor transport during evaporation processes, by using a two-phase heat and mass transfer model. The necessity of including the airflow mechanism in land surface process studies is discussed and highlighted.
Book
Physical properties of Ferralsols in response to sugarcane cultivation in the state of Goiás, Brazil
For sugarcane production, soil physical properties are essential indicators of crop growth, development and sustainable productivity. This study evaluated the physical properties of different textural classes of Latossolos Vermelhos distróficos (Ferralsols) under sugarcane cultivation, with and without vinasse application. The study was conducted under the soil, climate and management conditions of the counties of Quirinópolis and Goianésia, both in Goiás State, Brazil. In Quirinópolis, variety RB 867515 was planted and evaluated over 1, 3, and 7 consecutive sugarcane cycles. In Goianésia, cv. CTC4 was cultivated and assessed in 1, 2, and 4 cycles. At both locations, a plot with native vegetation was used as reference. To evaluate bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, macro- to micropore ratio, soil aeration capacity and relative bulk density, soil samples were collected from the 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.40-0.50 m layers. It was found that soil physical properties were affected by the crop cycles, and in Quirinópolis, the plots in the first and third cycles were most affected by increased bulk density. In Goianésia, the physical properties were negatively affected in the first and second sugarcane cycles. Regardless of the soil texture and vinasse application, the soil physical properties were negatively affected by the implementation or renewal of sugarcane plantations up to the third consecutive sugarcane cycle, but improved from the fourth to the seventh cycle without sugarcane renewal.
Journal Article
Golden rice : the imperiled birth of a GMO superfood
\"Ordinary white rice is nutrient poor, it consists of carbohydrates and little else. About one million people who subsist on rice become blind or die each year from vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice, which was developed in the hopes of combating that problem by a team of European scientists in the late '90s, was genetically modified to provide an essential nutrient that white rice lacks: beta carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body. But twenty years later, this potentially sight- and lifesaving miracle food still has not reached the populations most in need, and tens of millions of people in India, China, Bangladesh, and throughout South and Southeast Asia have gone blind or have died waiting. Supporters claim that the twenty-year delay in Golden Rice's introduction is an unconscionable crime against humanity. Critics have countered that the rice is a \"hoax\", that it is \"food's gold\" and \"propaganda for the genetic engineering industry\". Here, science writer Ed Regis argues that Golden Rice is the world's most controversial, maligned, and misunderstood GMO. Regis tells the story of how the development, growth, and distribution of Golden Rice was delayed and repeatedly derailed by a complex but outdated set of operational guidelines and regulations imposed by governments, and sabotaged by anti-GMO activists in the very nations where the rice is most needed. Regis separates hyperbole from facts, overturning the myths, distortions, and urban legends about this uniquely promising superfood. Anyone interested in GMOs, social justice, or world hunger will find \"Golden rice\" a compelling, sad, and maddening true-life science tale.\" -- Provided by publisher
Book
A comparative study of automatic guidance signals and planting speeds for corn
Planting is considered one of the most critical mechanized agricultural operations, because any errors during this stage could cause significant yield losses. In this context, the use of automatic guidance systems can minimize errors in the row parallelism and alignment, ensuring consistent spacing and optimal operational speeds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different GNSS correction signals and forward speeds on the corn planting. The treatments consisted in two GNSS correction signals for automatic guidance: SF1 - a free-to-use signal with ±23 cm pass-to-pass parallelism error, and SF2 - a subscription-based signal with ±5 cm pass-to-pass parallelism error; and three forward speeds (5, 6, and 8 km h-1). The depth and longitudinal seed distribution (classified as double, skipped, and acceptable spacings) were evaluated using statistical process control (SPC) and descriptive statistical methods. The results showed that the SF2 signal provided superior seeding quality, characterized by lower variability and enhanced process stability. Therefore, usage of the subscription-based SF2 signal is recommended to achieve optimal seeding quality. It improves the seed distribution and link to acceptable parallelism correction.
Journal Article
The devil's element : phosphorus and a world out of balance
The story of phosphorus spans the globe and vast tracts of human history. The race to mine phosphorus took people from the battlefields of Waterloo, which were looted for the bones of fallen soldiers, to the fabled guano islands off Peru, the Bone Valley of Florida, and the sand dunes of the Western Sahara. Over the past century, phosphorus has made farming vastly more productive, feeding the enormous increase in the human population. Yet, as the author harrowingly reports, our overreliance on this vital crop nutrient is causing toxic algae blooms and \"dead zones\" in waterways from the coasts of Florida to the Mississippi River basin to the Great Lakes and beyond. This book also explores the alarming reality that diminishing access to phosphorus poses a threat to the food system worldwide--which risks rising conflict and even war. -- Adapted from publisher's description.
Book
Dry matter and minerals in the aerial part of the banana tree ‘BRS SCS Belluna’
Brazil is a large banana producer, and technological advances have resulted in gains in national productivity. Developing new cultivars is part of the technological package that ensures the success of this activity. Among these cultivars, the ‘BRS SCS Belluna’ banana tree launched in 2016 through a partnership between Embrapa and Epagri, presents important agronomic characteristics for the sector and appears to be an option for market diversification with its small, sweet fruit. Banana trees are plants with high rates of phytomass production, which is regulated by the mineral distribution between their organs and influences mineral cycling and export. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomass and minerals in the aerial part of the BRS SCS Belluna banana tree. Two production cycles were evaluated. The organs and tissues of the aerial part were separated into the pseudostem, inflorescence, stalk, leaves, peel, and pulp. The pulp had the highest dry matter content, and the pseudostem had the highest accumulation, resulting in an average cycling of 64% of the produced dry matter. Potassium and manganese were the most accumulated macro- and micronutrients in the organs and tissues evaluated, except for the leaves, where nitrogen and calcium were predominant. In general, the inflorescences and leaves had the highest mineral concentrations, whereas the pseudostem had the highest exports. The highest cycling rates were observed for calcium and magnesium (macronutrients) and manganese (micronutrient). The highest removal rates were observed for nitrogen and phosphorus (macronutrients) and boron (micronutrient).
Journal Article
Nitrogen fertilization, fungicide application, and genetic resistance for the management of diseases on wheat
Nitrogen (N) fertilization is a common practice to increase grain yield worldwide. This study aimed to determine the effects of three N rates (70, 130, and 200 kg ha−1, referred to as low, recommended, and high, respectively) and a pre-mix fungicide (bixafen + prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin) on the disease intensity and grain yield of 2 early-maturing wheat cultivars named as TBIO Audaz and TBIO Tibagi. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons using the split-split plot design. Tan spot, powdery mildew, leaf rust, and Fusarium head blight (FHB) were the primary diseases observed. The recommended and high N rates reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for tan spot. However, the AUDPC for powdery mildew increased with high N for both cultivars, but N rates did not affect leaf rust or FHB. The use of early maturing wheat cultivars did not prevent the occurrence of FHB damage, except on plants from cultivar TBIO Audaz known to be moderately resistant. When combined with N fertilization, fungicide application reduced the AUDPC for tan spot, powdery mildew, leaf rust, and FHB by 31, 33, 75, and 40%, respectively, compared to the non-treated control. The cultivar × fungicide and cultivar × N interactions were significant (p < 0.05) for AUDPCs and yield variables. Both the recommended and high N rates similarly increased the yield, health area duration, and tan spot control at the same level compared to the low N rate. These findings combined with economic and cost-efficiency analyses suggest that using a moderately resistant cultivar with recommended N rates help to maintain adequate N use efficiency and economic returns to growers.
Journal Article
Performance of pineapple cultivars inoculated with Fusarium guttiforme isolates on different substrates
Fusariosis in pineapples causes significant losses to producers. Knowing practices that reduce disease severity is important, as cultivation in Brazil mainly relies on the susceptible cultivar ‘Pérola’. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the vegetative development and severity of fusariosis in different pineapple cultivars inoculated with Fusarium guttiforme isolates in various substrates. Isolates were collected and inoculated into ‘Pérola’ and ‘BRS Imperial’ cultivars planted in different substrates. Vegetative characteristics and disease severity were assessed. Evaluations were carried out fortnightly over 120 days. A randomised block design was used in a triple factorial arrangement 5 x 2 x 3 (five isolates x two cultivars x three substrates). Data were analysed using Sisvar software. The cultivars showed distinct vegetative development, with ‘Pérola’ being susceptible to all isolates, displaying reduced plant height, leaf D length and width, and number of active leaves. The pineapple leaf D is used to measure plant growth and nutritional status. Isolates 3 and 7 led to the death of several ‘Pérola’ plants. The substrate that favoured the highest disease severity was composed of sand and soil in a 3:1 ratio. The ‘‘BRS Imperial’’ cultivar showed resistance to all isolates and substrates. Finally, pineapple cultivation will develop better in substrates with favourable physico-chemical compositions and proper fertilisation. The ‘BRS Imperial’ cultivar is viable for producers as it is resistant to fusariosis and can withstand abiotic stress conditions.
Journal Article