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"Air Pollution Case studies."
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Ringing the changes in Europe : regulatory competition and the transformation of the state : Britain, France, Germany
No detailed description available for \"Ringing the Changes in Europe\".
eBook
A comprehensive evaluation of the association between ambient air pollution and adverse health outcomes of major organ systems: a systematic review with a worldwide approach
Ambient air pollution is nowadays one of the most crucial contributors to deteriorating health status worldwide. The components of air pollution include PM
2.5
and PM
10
, NO
2
, SO
2
, CO, O
3
, and organic compounds. They are attributed to several health outcomes, for instance, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases, birth outcomes, neurologic diseases, and psychiatric diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between different ambient air pollutants and the above-mentioned health outcomes. In this systematic review, a total of 76 articles was ultimately selected from 2653 articles, through multiple screening steps by the aid of a set of exclusion criteria as non-English articles, indoor air pollution assessment, work-related, occupational and home-attributed pollution, animal studies, tobacco smoking effects, letters to editors, commentaries, animal experiments, reviews, case reports and case series, out of 19,862 published articles through a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Then, the associations between air pollution and different health outcomes were measured as relative risks and odds ratios. The association between air pollutants, PM
2.5
and PM
10
, NO
2
, SO
2
, CO, O
3
, and VOC with major organ systems health was investigated through the gathered studies. Relative risks and/or odds ratios attributed to each air pollutant/outcome were ultimately reported. In this study, a thorough and comprehensive discussion of all aspects of the contribution of ambient air pollutants in health outcomes was proposed. To our knowledge up to now, there is no such comprehensive outlook on this issue. Growing concerns in concert with air pollution-induced health risks impose a great danger on the life of billions of people worldwide. Should we propose ideas and schemes to reduce ambient air pollutant, there will be dramatic reductions in the prevalence and occurrence of health-threatening conditions.
Journal Article
The impact of digital inclusive finance on environmental pollution: A case study of air pollution
This study delves into the impact of digital inclusive finance on environmental pollution, with a specific focus on air pollution. Utilizing data from 265 Chinese cities, advanced econometric methods such as the bi-directional fixed effects model, threshold model, spatial Durbin model, and multi-period difference-in-differences model are employed, incorporating a variety of control variables. The empirical findings indicate that digital inclusive finance significantly reduces air pollution. This mechanism chiefly operates through enhancing public environmental consciousness and fostering green technological innovation. The study also uncovers the spatial spillover effect and non-linear characteristics of digital inclusive finance on air pollution, along with its interactive effects with specific policies (e.g., smart city pilot policies and the “major protection, no major development\" initiative). Moreover, heterogeneity analysis reveals regional variations in the environmental effects of digital inclusive finance. These insights provide a novel perspective on the relationship between financial technology and environmental protection and offer crucial guidance for policymaking.
Journal Article
Association between maternal exposure to indoor air pollution and offspring congenital heart disease: a case–control study in East China
Background
Previous research suggested an association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the effect of individual prenatal exposure to indoor air pollutants on CHD occurrence was not reported.
Methods
We performed a hospital-based case–control study to investigate the association between personal air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring. A total of 44 cases and 75 controls were included from two hospitals in East China. We investigated maternal and residential environmental characteristics using a questionnaire and obtained personal indoor air samples to assess particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 22–30 gestational weeks. Formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), PM
2.5
, and PM
10
were assessed. Logistic regression was performed to assess associations and interactions between individual indoor air pollutants and CHD after adjusting for confounders. The potential residential environmental factors affecting the risks of indoor air pollutants on CHD were also assessed.
Results
Median TVOC (0.400 vs. 0.005 mg/m
3
,
P
< 0.001) exposure levels in cases were significantly higher than controls. A logistic regression model adjusted for confounders revealed that exposure to high levels of indoor TVOCs (AOR 7.09, 95% CI 2.10–23.88) during pregnancy was associated with risks for CHD and the occurrence of some major CHD subtype in offspring. These risk effects were enhanced in pregnant women living in a newly renovated house but were mitigated by household use of smoke ventilators when cooking. We observed a positive interaction of maternal exposure to TVOCs and PM
2.5
and the risk for CHD.
Conclusions
Maternal exposure to indoor VOCs and PMs may increase the risk of giving birth to foetuses with CHD.
Journal Article
Beyond additive effects: examining the combined impact of air pollutant interactions on pulmonary tuberculosis in China
Background
Various ambient air pollutants within a mixture may interact with each other and amplify or reduce the cumulative effects of individual air pollutants on health outcomes. However, health-related studies on the interactive effects of air pollutant mixtures remain limited. Additionally, the influence of greenness on health outcomes in the context of air pollutant mixtures has seldom been explored.
Objective
To develop a joint analysis framework that focuses on the interactive effects among pollutants to evaluate the combined effects of ambient air pollutant mixtures on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) risks, taking into account greenness as a moderating factor.
Methods
In this case–control study conducted in Lanxi, China, 1128 newly diagnosed PTB cases from 2019 to 2021 were matched with 2256 controls by sex and age. To evaluate exposure, the 24-month average values of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM
2.5
), sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), ozone (O
3
), nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index before diagnosis or study entry were assessed using a high-resolution dataset. A quantile-based g-computation model was then used to estimate the additive and interactive effects of air pollutants on PTB risks and identify the moderating influence of greenness on these relationships.
Results
Additive effect models showed that a one quartile increase in exposure to the air pollutant mixture was associated with elevated PTB risks (mixture odds ratio: 1.17, 95% confidence intervals: 1.07, 1.36), with NO
2
contributing the most significant positive effect. Interactive effect models showed that incorporating interaction terms for O
3
and other pollutants resulted in PTB risks that exceeded those estimated using the additive effects of various pollutants. Furthermore, areas with higher levels of greenness exhibited lower PTB risks associated with air pollutant mixture than areas with lower levels of greenness.
Conclusions
To reduce biases in air pollution control policies and maximize their health benefits, it is essential to assess both the additive and interactive effects when evaluating the health impacts of air pollutant mixtures. Furthermore, the influence of greenness should be considered in the context of these air pollutant mixtures.
Journal Article
Phytoremediation for urban landscaping and air pollution control—a case study in Trivandrum city, Kerala, India
Air pollutant concentration of Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, exceeded the limits of National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards, according to a study conducted in 2015 by NATPAC. These polluted corridors harbour vegetation on roadsides and traffic islands, planted solely for aesthetic appeal. Analysis of air pollution tolerance levels of existing plants can act as a scientific basis for efficient planning of the urban landscape. Sixty-seven species, including flowering, fruit-bearing, ornamental, shade-providing and timber-yielding species, were screened for their relative resistance to air pollution. Based on leaf pH, relative water content, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid levels, the Air Pollution Tolerance Indices (APTI) of each species were formulated and they were grouped into the following: tolerant, moderately tolerant, intermediate and sensitive groups.
Agave americana
(18.40),
Cassia roxburghii
(17.63),
Anacardium occidentale
(11.97),
Cassia fistula
(11.60),
Mangifera indica
(11.59) and
Saraca asoca
(10.88) may be considered for planting near green spaces like roundabouts and near pollution prone industrial areas, as they belong to tolerant category. Comparison of APTI during summer and monsoon also revealed the stability of
Agave americana
,
Saraca asoca
,
Ficus benghalensis
,
Peltophorum pterocarpum
,
Ficus elastic
a,
Ixora finlaysoniana
,
Mangifera indica
,
Canna indica
and
Delonix regia
in maintaining pollution tolerance even during water disparity.
Agave americana
,
Anacardium occidentale
,
Ficus elastica
,
Mangifera indica
,
Syzygium cumini
,
Ficus benghalensis
,
Nerium oleander
and
Ficus benjamina
were found to be suited for mass planting, as was evident from their Anticipated Performance Indices (API).
Journal Article
Analysing the performance of low-cost air quality sensors, their drivers, relative benefits and calibration in cities—a case study in Sheffield
Traditional real-time air quality monitoring instruments are expensive to install and maintain; therefore, such existing air quality monitoring networks are sparsely deployed and lack the measurement density to develop high-resolution spatiotemporal air pollutant maps. More recently, low-cost sensors have been used to collect high-resolution spatial and temporal air pollution data in real-time. In this paper, for the first time, Envirowatch E-MOTEs are employed for air quality monitoring as a case study in Sheffield. Ten E-MOTEs were deployed for a year (October 2016 to September 2017) monitoring several air pollutants (NO, NO
2
, CO) and meteorological parameters. Their performance was compared to each other and to a reference instrument installed nearby. E-MOTEs were able to successfully capture the temporal variability such as diurnal, weekly and annual cycles in air pollutant concentrations and demonstrated significant similarity with reference instruments. NO
2
concentrations showed very strong positive correlation between various sensors. Mostly, correlation coefficients (
r
values) were greater than 0.92. CO from different sensors also had
r
values mostly greater than 0.92; however, NO showed
r
value less than 0.5. Furthermore, several multiple linear regression models (MLRM) and generalised additive models (GAM) were developed to calibrate the E-MOTE data and reproduce NO and NO
2
concentrations measured by the reference instruments. GAMs demonstrated significantly better performance than linear models by capturing the non-linear association between the response and explanatory variables. The best GAM developed for reproducing NO
2
concentrations returned values of 0.95, 3.91, 0.81, 0.005 and 0.61 for factor of two (FAC2), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (
R
2
), normalised mean biased (NMB) and coefficient of efficiency (COE), respectively. The low-cost sensors offer a more affordable alternative for providing real-time high-resolution spatiotemporal air quality and meteorological parameter data with acceptable performance.
Journal Article
Effects of Design and Operational Conditions on the Performance of Constructed Wetlands for Agricultural Pollution Control – Critical Review
Constructed wetlands (CWs) can be considered as an efficient nature-based solution for the treatment of agricultural drainage water (ADW) and consequently for the mitigation of non-point source pollution. Aiming to provide suggestions for the construction and implementation of CWs, this paper proposes and discusses key parameters of CW design and operation. In order to verify the effect of these features, different case studies were reviewed, focusing on the performance of CWs that are treating agricultural drainage water. The findings showed that design and operational factors (e.g., the application of simple hydraulic structures and vegetation establishment) can improve pollutant removal efficiencies by increasing hydraulic retention time. Hydraulic efficiency of CWs can also be enhanced through certain shape characteristics (e.g., adoption of a high aspect ratio and creation of a long and narrow CW shape). The careful consideration of these parameters before and during CW implementation can therefore help these systems to achieve their full potential. However, further study is recommended to assess the effects of some parameters (e.g., flow direction and the application of deep zones).
Journal Article
Short-term air pollution exposure and risk of respiratory pathogen infections: an 11-year case-crossover study in Guangzhou, China
Background
Limited epidemiological evidence exists on the relationship between short-term exposure to air pollutants and respiratory pathogen infections. This study investigates the association between short-term air pollution exposure and respiratory pathogen infections in Guangzhou, southern China.
Methods
A time-stratified case-crossover study design was applied. Data from 96,927 patients with suspected respiratory pathogen infections between 2013 and 2023 were collected. The daily air pollutant concentration is obtained from the local environmental monitoring station. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of air pollutant exposure included in the equation on the risk of respiratory pathogen infection. Generalized additive models were used to analyze the relationship between pollutant exposure and hospital visits, adjusting for potential confounders such as temperature and precipitation. Sub-group analysis was performed to estimate the reliability of the correlations among the subgroups.
Results
The logistic regression model shows that PM
2.5
, NO
2
and CO are included in the variable equation. Single-pollutant models indicate that there is a significant association between short-term exposure to NO
2
and CO and an increased risk of hospital visits for respiratory infections, especially on lag day 0, while PM
2.5
shows a non-linear relationship. In the multi-pollutant model, for each unit increase in NO
2
, the risk of hospital visits increased by 11.66%, and for CO, the risk increased by 0.64%. Subgroup analysis showed the effects were more pronounced in minors (< 18 years), while no significant gender differences were observed. Additionally, CO and NO
2
interacted with PM
2.5
, amplifying the risk of infection.
Conclusion
This large-scale epidemiological study demonstrates significant associations between short-term air pollutant exposure and respiratory infections, particularly highlighting the risks of NO
2
and CO exposure. The findings underscore the critical need for strengthening air quality monitoring and protection strategies in rapidly urbanizing regions, with special attention to vulnerable populations such as minors. These results provide evidence-based support for enhancing environmental health policies in metropolitan areas to better protect public health through improved air quality standards and early warning systems.
Journal Article