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Air base attacks and defensive counters : historical lessons and future challenges
Since the end of the Cold War, U.S. dominance in conventional power projection has allowed American airpower to operate from sanctuary, largely free from enemy attack. This led to a reduced emphasis on air-base defense measures and the misperception that sanctuary was the normal state of affairs rather than an aberration. The emergence of the long-range, highly accurate, conventional missile (both ballistic and cruise) as a threat to air bases is now widely recognized in the U.S. defense community, and, with that recognition, there is a growing appreciation that this era of sanctuary is coming to an end. Consequently, there is renewed interest in neglected topics, such as base hardening, aircraft dispersal, camouflage, deception, and air-base recovery and repair. This report is intended to provide a reference on air-base attack and defense to inform public debate, as well as government deliberations, on what has become known as the anti-access problem, specifically as it applies to air-base operations. The report explores the history of air-base attacks in the past century and describes the American way of war that emerged after the fall of the Soviet Union. It then argues that emerging threat systems are disruptive to this way of war and will require new concepts of power projection. Finally, the report identifies five classes of defensive options that have proven valuable in past conflicts and offers recommendations on how best to win the battle of the airfields.
Book
Monitoring of the Rehabilitation of the Historic World War II US Air Force Base in Greenland
After the end of World War II, many military air bases in Greenland were abandoned with all the material left in place. One of these sites was the Bluie East Two military air base. A specific feature of this area is that it contained thousands of old barrels formerly used for fuel storage. In 2019, a rehabilitation of this area began. A few months prior to the rehabilitation, our expedition visited the area and mapped it using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This made it probably the latest documentation before the start of the sanitation. The aim of such mapping was to estimate the number of barrels in a given location. The second objective was to monitor the progress of the rehabilitation over the years. For this purpose, satellite data were acquired for the years 2019 through 2022. A supervised classification was performed to automatically detect sites with barrel occurrences, which enabled subsequent change detection. We conclude that a total of 33,786 old barrels were located in the investigated area in 2019. However, we suggest this number is a lower estimate of the actual number of barrels due to the factors we mention in our paper. The results further indicate that between the years 2019 and 2022 the barrels were removed from more than half of the area.
Journal Article
Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of AflatoxinBsub.1 in Yellow Rice Wine
Yellow rice wine is susceptible to aflatoxinB[sub.1] (AFB[sub.1]) contamination, yet existing detection technologies suffer from limitations such as high false-positive rates, cumbersome operational protocols, or elevated costs, rendering them inadequate for large-scale screening requirements. Consequently, the development of a highly sensitive and rapid detection method for AFB[sub.1] is urgently needed to provide technical support for quality supervision and risk assessment of yellow rice wine. In this study, AFB[sub.1] detection was performed using time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay technology, with quantitative analysis based on the ratio of the T signal value of the detection line to the C signal value of the quality control line and the natural logarithmic value of the standard solution concentration. Statistical experimental designs were used to optimize the process of this rapid detection of AFB[sub.1] in yellow rice wine. The most important factors influencing recovery rate (p < 0.05), as identified by a two-level Plackett-Burman design with 11 variables, were methanol-water volume fraction, sample to extraction solvent ratio, heating temperature, and heating time. The steepest ascent method was employed to identify the optimal regions for these four key factors. Central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was subsequently utilized to further explore the interactive effects among variables and determine their optimal values that maximize the recovery rate. The analysis results indicated that interactions between methanol-water volume fraction and other three factors–sample to extraction solvent ratio, heating temperature, heating time–affected the response variable (recovery rate) significantly. The predicted results showed that the maximum recovery rate of AFB[sub.1] (97.35%) could be obtained under the optimum conditions of a methanol-water volume fraction of 78%, a sample to extraction solvent ratio of 1:3.2, a heating temperature of 34 °C, and a heating time of 6.4 min. These predicted values were further verified by validation experiments. The excellent correlation between predicted and experimental values confirmed the validity and practicability of this statistical optimum strategy. Optimal conditions obtained in this experiment laid a good foundation for further use of time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for rapid detection of AFB[sub.1] in yellow rice wine, demonstrating broad application prospects.
Journal Article
A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges
Future generation communication systems are exemplified by 5G and 6G wireless technologies, and the utilization of integrated air-to-sea (A2S) communication infrastructure is employed to extend network coverage and enhance data throughput to support data-driven maritime applications. These ground-breaking techniques have promoted the rapid development of the maritime internet of things (MIoT). In particular, the integration of air base stations (ABSs) in the MIoT can achieve broadband, low-delay, and reliable wireless transmissions. Considering the potential of ABS-enabled communications, this survey presents the state of the art in the A2S integrated MIoT. More specifically, relevant A2S integrated MIoT architectures are discussed together with the role of their building blocks. Next, we introduce the enabling technologies, including the sensor, communication, data processing and storage, and security and privacy protection techniques. Then, resource allocation, cloud/edge computing and caching, routing protocols, and spatial location optimization in the maritime environment are discussed and grouped based on their performance targets. Additionally, we also show the potential applications of the A2S integrated MIoT in marine environment monitoring, traffic, navigation safety, and resources management. Finally, several future challenges in the area of the A2S integrated MIoT are given, related to the technical security, reliability, and energy efficiency, etc.
Journal Article
Where is Area 51?
Describes the isolated Nevada air base known as Area 51, covering its use for testing top-secret aircraft, and discusses speculation about a connection to unidentified flying objects.
Book
An Airport, a Valley—and the Consequences of Chronic Indecision
A proposal to build a major civilian airport in the Jezreel Valley has been one of Israel's longest and most acrimonious environmental controversies. The decision about where to site the country's second international airport has been plagued by special interests and conflicting values. The anticipated environmental and health impacts caused by a civilian airport on life in the Jezreel Valley are described, along with the heated debate between the local residents and environmentalists on the one hand and Israel's powerful military establishment on the other. The conflict highlights profound changes in Israeli society and the ecological challenges it faces as it seeks to preserve the country's historic and scenic landscapes in an increasingly crowded reality. This case study concludes that locating a new airport on an artificial island in the Mediterranean constitutes the optimal solution for resolving Israel's longstanding air traffic conundrum.
Journal Article
Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes
The Department of Defense (DoD) is the largest consumer of energy in the federal government. In turn, the U.S. Air Force is the largest consumer of energy in the DoD, with a total annual energy expenditure of around $10 billion. Approximately 84 percent of Air Force energy use involves liquid fuel consumed in aviation whereas approximately 12 percent is energy (primarily electricity) used in facilities on the ground. This workshop was concerned primarily with opportunities to reduce energy consumption within Air Force facilities that employ energy intensive industrial processes-for example, assembly/disassembly, painting, metal working, and operation of radar facilities-such as those that occur in the maintenance depots and testing facilities. Air Force efforts to reduce energy consumption are driven largely by external goals and mandates derived from Congressional legislation and executive orders. To date, these goals and mandates have targeted the energy used at the building or facility level rather than in specific industrial processes.
In response to a request from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Energy and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology, and Engineering, the National Research Council, under the auspices of the Air Force Studies Board, formed the Committee on Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes: A Workshop . The terms of reference called for a committee to plan and convene one 3 day public workshop to discuss: (1) what are the current industrial processes that are least efficient and most cost ineffective? (2) what are best practices in comparable facilities for comparable processes to achieve energy efficiency? (3) what are the potential applications for the best practices to be found in comparable facilities for comparable processes to achieve energy efficiency? (4) what are constraints and considerations that might limit applicability to Air Force facilities and processes over the next ten year implementation time frame? (5) what are the costs and paybacks from implementation of the best practices? (6) what will be a proposed resulting scheme of priorities for study and implementation of the identified best practices? (7) what does a holistic representation of energy and water consumption look like within operations and maintenance?
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