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Substitutability of broccoli by‐products (BBP) for Saccharina japonica in feed on growth, carcass chemical composition, and air exposure resistance of abalone (Haliotis discus) was investigated. One thousand and two hundred sixty abalones were randomly assigned into 18 cages (3 cages/diet; 70 abalone/cage). Two hundred g/kg of S. japonica was included in the control diet (BBP0). The BBP250, BBP500, BBP750, and BBP1000 diets were prepared by substituting 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg of S. japonica with an equal amount of BBP. Additionally, dry S. japonica was prepared. Abalone were fed daily for 7 days a week for 16 weeks. Following the completion of the feeding trial, 20 abalone from each cage were exposed to air for 20 h prior to being monitored for the following 5 days. The greatest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were achieved in abalone fed the BBP250 diet. Superior survival was obtained in abalone fed the BBP250, BBP500, BBP750, and BBP1000 diets to abalone fed the S. japonica control diet. The BBP250 and BBP500 diets achieved the highest survival of abalone. BBP appears to be a novel replacer for S. japonica in abalone diets, and 250 g/kg replacement of BBP for S. japonica produced the best weight gain and SGR.

The effects of different stocking densities (StDs) on growth and stress resistance rate (Rs) to air exposure (to evaluate the health condition of fish) of juvenile Colossoma macropomum in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) were investigated. A total of 1064 juveniles (0.35 ± 0.10 g) were stocked in 0.5 (D0.5), 1 (D1), 3 (D3), and 5 animals/L (D5) in four different RASs of four circular tanks (28 L) each, and fed at 10% biomass/day. Growth and survival were assessed at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. After 60 days, a 75-min air exposure test was conducted for each StD treatment and Rs determined. Regression analyses were performed for growth parameters. At 15 days, weight (W), weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion rate (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR) were highest for D3. At 30 days, FI was highest at the StD values estimated through the derivation of the equation of 3.55 animals/L. At 45 days, WG, DWG, and SGR decreased with increasing StD. At 60 days, W was inversely proportional to StD. Biomass was directly related to StD at the end of all periods. Air exposure stress test found that after 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h, Rs values for D3 and D5 were highest and for D0.5 lowest. Stocking densities of between 3 and 4 animals/L are recommended for the first 30 days, while higher StDs affected weight between 30 and 60 days. Animals at StDs between 3 and 5 animals/L are more resistant.

The effect of substituting the combined macroalgae Ulva australis and Sargassum horneri for Undaria pinnatifida in formulated diets on growth and body composition of abalone subjected to air exposure stressor was investigated. A total of 1260 juvenile abalone were distributed into 21 cages. Six formulated diets were prepared. The control (CUS0) diet contained 20% U. pinnatifida. Twenty, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of U. pinnatifida were substituted with an equal amount of the combined U. australis and S. horneri, referred to as the CUS20, CUS40, CUS60, CUS80, and CUS100 diets, respectively. Finally, dry U. pinnatifida was prepared to compare the growth performance of abalone. Abalone were fed with one of the experimental diets once a day for 16 weeks and then subjected to air stressor for 24 h. The cumulative mortality of abalone was monitored for the following 4 days after 24 h of air exposure. Abalone fed all formulated diets attained higher survival, weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR) than U. pinnatifida. Abalone fed the CUS100 diet achieved greatest weight gain and SGR, followed by the CUS80 and CUS60 diets. The greatest shell growth and heaviest soft-body weight were obtained in abalone fed the CUS100 diet. Proximate composition of the soft body of abalone, except for moisture content, was not affected by the experimental diets. The cumulative mortality of abalone fed the U. pinnatifida was higher than that of abalone fed all formulated diets at 84 h until the end of the 4-day post observation. The lowest cumulative mortality was obtained in abalone fed the CUS80 diet at the end of the 4-day post observation. Therefore, U. pinnatifida could be completely replaced with the combined U. australis and S. horneri in abalone (H. discus) feed.

This review provides a community's perspective on air quality research focusing mainly on developments over the past decade. The article provides perspectives on current and future challenges as well as research needs for selected key topics. While this paper is not an exhaustive review of all research areas in the field of air quality, we have selected key topics that we feel are important from air quality research and policy perspectives. After providing a short historical overview, this review focuses on improvements in characterizing sources and emissions of air pollution, new air quality observations and instrumentation, advances in air quality prediction and forecasting, understanding interactions of air quality with meteorology and climate, exposure and health assessment, and air quality management and policy. In conducting the review, specific objectives were (i) to address current developments that push the boundaries of air quality research forward, (ii) to highlight the emerging prominent gaps of knowledge in air quality research, and (iii) to make recommendations to guide the direction for future research within the wider community. This review also identifies areas of particular importance for air quality policy. The original concept of this review was borne at the International Conference on Air Quality 2020 (held online due to the COVID 19 restrictions during 18–26 May 2020), but the article incorporates a wider landscape of research literature within the field of air quality science. On air pollution emissions the review highlights, in particular, the need to reduce uncertainties in emissions from diffuse sources, particulate matter chemical components, shipping emissions, and the importance of considering both indoor and outdoor sources. There is a growing need to have integrated air pollution and related observations from both ground-based and remote sensing instruments, including in particular those on satellites. The research should also capitalize on the growing area of low-cost sensors, while ensuring a quality of the measurements which are regulated by guidelines. Connecting various physical scales in air quality modelling is still a continual issue, with cities being affected by air pollution gradients at local scales and by long-range transport. At the same time, one should allow for the impacts from climate change on a longer timescale. Earth system modelling offers considerable potential by providing a consistent framework for treating scales and processes, especially where there are significant feedbacks, such as those related to aerosols, chemistry, and meteorology. Assessment of exposure to air pollution should consider the impacts of both indoor and outdoor emissions, as well as application of more sophisticated, dynamic modelling approaches to predict concentrations of air pollutants in both environments. With particulate matter being one of the most important pollutants for health, research is indicating the urgent need to understand, in particular, the role of particle number and chemical components in terms of health impact, which in turn requires improved emission inventories and models for predicting high-resolution distributions of these metrics over cities. The review also examines how air pollution management needs to adapt to the above-mentioned new challenges and briefly considers the implications from the COVID-19 pandemic for air quality. Finally, we provide recommendations for air quality research and support for policy.

Air exposure causes extreme stress in fish. Most fish die within minutes when exposed to air; however, the common carp Cyprinus carpio can survive in air for several hours. To understand the hematological response following prolonged air exposure and its association with zinc, common carp were exposed to air for 4 h and allowed to recover in an aquarium for 140 h at 25 °C. Hematological analysis and microscopic examination of the blood cells revealed that during the recovery period, the total RBC count remained relatively constant, but the RBC composition changed greatly. After 20 h of recovery, 35 % of the mature RBCs had degraded and were replaced by immature RBCs. Among the RBCs that were renewed, 15 % were likely derived from the release of stored RBCs from the spleen immediately after air exposure, and the other 20 % appeared to be generated via erythropoiesis. An increase in the rate of erythropoiesis in the common carp was triggered and facilitated by zinc in the head kidney. The renewed RBCs had significantly higher osmotic resistance than RBCs obtained from fish at rest. These results suggest that the replacement of one-third of mature RBCs with immature RBCs can increase fish tolerance to stress.

Carbon dioxide electroreduction facilitates the sustainable synthesis of fuels and chemicals 1 . Although Cu enables CO 2 -to-multicarbon product (C 2+ ) conversion, the nature of the active sites under operating conditions remains elusive 2 . Importantly, identifying active sites of high-performance Cu nanocatalysts necessitates nanoscale, time-resolved operando techniques 3 – 5 . Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of the structural dynamics during the life cycle of Cu nanocatalysts. A 7 nm Cu nanoparticle ensemble evolves into metallic Cu nanograins during electrolysis before complete oxidation to single-crystal Cu 2 O nanocubes following post-electrolysis air exposure. Operando analytical and four-dimensional electrochemical liquid-cell scanning transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of metallic Cu nanograins under CO 2 reduction conditions. Correlated high-energy-resolution time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy suggests that metallic Cu, rich in nanograin boundaries, supports undercoordinated active sites for C–C coupling. Quantitative structure–activity correlation shows that a higher fraction of metallic Cu nanograins leads to higher C 2+ selectivity. A 7 nm Cu nanoparticle ensemble, with a unity fraction of active Cu nanograins, exhibits sixfold higher C 2+ selectivity than the 18 nm counterpart with one-third of active Cu nanograins. The correlation of multimodal operando techniques serves as a powerful platform to advance our fundamental understanding of the complex structural evolution of nanocatalysts under electrochemical conditions. By investigation of structural dynamics during the life cycle of Cu nanocatalysts, correlation of multimodal operando techniques was found to serve as a powerful platform to advance understanding of their complex structural evolution.

Recent evidence suggests short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution can impact brain function after a delay period. It is unknown whether effects are predominantly due to the olfactory or lung-brain pathways. In this study 26 adults ( M a g e  = 27.7, S D a g e  = 10.6) participated in four conditions. They were exposed to either high PM concentrations or clean air for one hour, using normal inhalation or restricted nasal inhalation and olfaction with a nose clip. Participants completed four cognitive tests before and four hours after exposure, assessing working memory, selective attention, emotion expression discrimination, and psychomotor vigilance. Results showed significant reductions in selective attention and emotion expression discrimination after enhanced PM versus clean air exposure. Air quality did not significantly impact psychomotor vigilance or working memory performance. Inhalation method did not significantly mediate effects, suggesting that short-term PM pollution affects cognitive function through lung-brain mechanisms, either directly or indirectly. It is unknown if the inhalation route (nasal or oral) of particulate matter (PM) air pollution affects cognition. Here the authors show PM exposure impaired selective attention and emotion recognition but not working memory or vigilance, with no mediation by inhalation.

The exotic Chinese mystery snail ( Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata ) has invaded lakes and rivers across North America and is particularly widespread in northern Wisconsin. Although deliberate introductions and aquarium releases have likely been important, recreational boats may speed the spread of this snail into lakes. Prior research indicated boater access to be a significant predictor of invasion by C. chinensis and other invasive species in Wisconsin. To mimic the process of boater transport between lakes, I examined the tolerance of juvenile C.   chinensis to air exposure in a series of field and laboratory experiments. Field experiments under mesic conditions indicated that this snail can survive exposure to air for at least 4 weeks. Larger juveniles were more resistant than smaller juveniles, an effect that was also observed in the laboratory during short-term (3–14 days) experiments. Tolerance of small juveniles to air exposure appeared to be unaffected by temperature, but was affected by humidity, with higher survival at 64% than 34% relative humidity (RH). Results from the current study suggest that C.   chinensis is highly resistant to air exposure and could be readily transported by boats moving between lakes, particularly in cool mesic environments. Since juvenile C. chinensis are common around the roots of emergent macrophytes, hitchhiking with boats should be particularly common with boats or trailers infested with aquatic plants.

The inaccurate quantification of personal exposure to air pollution introduces error and bias in health estimations, severely limiting causal inference in epidemiological research worldwide. Rapid advancements in affordable, miniaturised air pollution sensor technologies offer the potential to address this limitation by capturing the high variability of personal exposure during daily life in large-scale studies with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. However, concerns remain regarding the suitability of novel sensing technologies for scientific and policy purposes. In this paper we characterise the performance of a portable personal air quality monitor (PAM) that integrates multiple miniaturised sensors for nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) measurements along with temperature, relative humidity, acceleration, noise and GPS sensors. Overall, the air pollution sensors showed high reproducibility (mean R‾2=0.93, min–max: 0.80–1.00) and excellent agreement with standard instrumentation (mean R‾2=0.82, min–max: 0.54–0.99) in outdoor, indoor and commuting microenvironments across seasons and different geographical settings. An important outcome of this study is that the error of the PAM is significantly smaller than the error introduced when estimating personal exposure based on sparsely distributed outdoor fixed monitoring stations. Hence, novel sensing technologies such as the ones demonstrated here can revolutionise health studies by providing highly resolved reliable exposure metrics at a large scale to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of air pollution on health.