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The present research paper discusses the deterioration aspects of the Mihrab (Prayer Niche) of Madrasa Gawhariyya, attached to Al-Azhar Mosque. The mihrab consists of decorative units made of marble, ceramic, and wood. Different factors, especially the previous restoration, resulted in many deterioration phenomena that led to the damage and deterioration of the decorative units of the mihrab. This research paper aims to study these aspects using different methods of examination and analysis, such as visual and optical examinations, Scanning Electron Microscope attached to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results obtained gave important insights into the deterioration processes of the Mihrab, such as dirt, cracks, and crystallized salts on the surface, the deterioration of the ceramic units, in addition to the deformation and deterioration resulting from the previous restoration of the mihrab.

This is a sweeping, colorful, and concise narrative history of Egypt from the beginning of human settlement in the Nile River valley 5000 years ago to the present day. Accessible, authoritative, and richly illustrated, this is an ideal introduction and guide to Egypt's long, brilliant, and complex history for general readers, tourists, and anyone else who wants a better understanding of this vibrant and fascinating country, one that has played a central role in world history for millennia--and that continues to do so today. Respected historian Robert Tignor, who has lived in Egypt at different times over the course of five decades, covers all the major eras of the country's ancient, modern, and recent history. A cradle of civilization, ancient Egypt developed a unique and influential culture that featured a centralized monarchy, sophisticated art and technology, and monumental architecture in the form of pyramids and temples. But the great age of the pharaohs is just the beginning of the story andEgypt: A Short Historyalso gives a rich account of the tumultuous history that followed--from Greek and Roman conquests, the rise of Christianity, Arab-Muslim triumph, and Egypt's incorporation into powerful Islamic empires to Napoleon's 1798 invasion, the country's absorption into the British Empire, and modern, postcolonial Egypt under Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak. This book provides an indispensable key to Egypt in all its layers--ancient and modern, Greek and Roman, and Christian and Islamic. In a new afterword the author analyzes the recent unrest in Egypt and weighs in on what the country might look like after Mubarak.

The assessment model described in the previous chapter is the one I applied to area conservation projects in Cairo. The aim is to define the chief actors involved in area conservation schemes, as well as those who synthesize the conservation and urban planning policies in historic Cairo. The role of each of these influencing actors is assessed by applying the previously compiled assessment criteria to judge the quality of area conservation, as well as reveal the actual directions controlling the different interventions in historic Cairo. Different efforts have been made to develop and upgrade historic Cairo. One of the earliest

There is widespread scholarly agreement that al-Azhar rose to prominence as an Islamic center of learning in the sixteenth century, as Arab provinces were adjusting to Ottoman administration. This article examines the development of a locker system at al-Azhar, one of several structural changes that took place between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, in addition to the expansion of fraternities. I argue that this material infrastructure, which was supported by modest endowments, served as a crucial scaffold for teaching and learning at al-Azhar and contributed to its rising status as an educational institution. Shari'a court records reveal that the growing importance of lockers was the result of (1) decisions made by ordinary men and women about the endowment, subdivision, and circulation of lockers and (2) Ottoman legal reforms and innovations. In this way, a seemingly peripheral material object may serve as a site for exploring al-Azhar's development as an educational institution.

Cairo, 20 August: Grand Shaykh of Al-Azhar Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi said on Wednesday [20 August] that Israel's decision to allow non-Muslims into Al-Aqsa Mosque is an attempt to turn the holy site into a tourist attraction.