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The relationship between leaders' cultural competence and student academic outcomes in Texas public schools is explored. School leaders play a crucial role in creating a safe and nurturing learning environment for culturally diverse student populations. Cultural competence is vital for leaders to effectively meet the needs of all students, involving an understanding and appreciation of cultural differences and the ability to create equitable systems. The study found that principals in Title Interstate schools, which serve economically disadvantaged students, demonstrated a higher level of cultural skills compared to those in affluent schools. This can be attributed to contextual factors unique to Title Interstate schools, such as heightened awareness of socio-economic disparities, emphasis on culturally competent instruction, and appreciation for social diversity. These conditions contribute to the development of cultural skills among school leaders, ultimately impacting student academic outcomes.

Exposure to protective factors, conditions that protect against the occurrence of an undesirable outcome or promote the occurrence of a desirable outcome within an adolescent’s environment, can foster healthy adolescent behaviors and reduce adult morbidity and mortality. Yet, little is known about the nature and effect of protective factors on the positive social and health outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adolescents. We conducted a review of the literature to identify the protective factors associated with positive health outcomes among AIAN adolescents. We consulted Elsevier Science Direct, ERIC EBSCOhost, PubMed, and the Web of Science databases. A total of 3421 articles were encountered. Excluded publications were those that did not focus on AIAN adolescents ( n  = 3341), did not identify protective factors ( n  = 56), were not original research studies ( n  = 8), or were not written in the English language. We identified nine categories of protective factors positively associated with health and social outcomes, including: current and/or future aspirations, personal wellness, positive self-image, self-efficacy, non-familial connectedness, family connectedness, positive opportunities, positive social norms, and cultural connectedness. Such factors positively influenced adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and substance use; delinquent and violent behavior; emotional health including depression, suicide attempt; resilience; and academic success. Protective factors spanned multiple domains of the socio-ecological model. Strengths-based health promotion efforts that leverage local, innate protective factors and work with AIANs to create environments rich in protective factors are key to improving the health and wellbeing of AIAN adolescents.