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"Aleppo"
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Aleppo : the rise and fall of Syria's great merchant city
\"Aleppo lies in ruins. Its streets are plunged in darkness, most of its population has fled. But this was once a vibrant world city, where Muslims, Christians and Jews lived and traded together in peace. Few places are as ancient and diverse as Aleppo - one of the oldest, continuously inhabited cities in the world - successively ruled by the Assyrian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Arab, Ottoman and French empires. Under the Ottomans, it became the empire's third largest city, after Constantinople and Cairo. It owed its wealth to its position at the end of the Silk Road, at a crossroads of world trade, where merchants from Venice, Isfahan and Agra gathered in the largest suq in the Middle East. Throughout the region, it was famous for its food and its music. For 400 years British and French consuls and merchants lived in Aleppo; many of their accounts are used here for the first time\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Forging Urban Solidarities
This study examines how mobilization for war by the Ottoman state reshaped the social and political institutions of a provincial city. Using local court records, it traces profound changes in the life of residential quarters, military garrisons, and guilds.
eBook
Exchange Ideologies
Exchange Ideologies documents
the social world of Aleppo's traders before the destruction of the
city, exploring changing conceptions of commerce in Syria.
Syria's traders have been seen as embodying a timeless culture of
\"the bazaar,\" or an ahistorical Islamic culture of trade. Other
accounts portray them as venal figures, motivated only by profit,
and commerce as a purely instrumental pursuit. Rejecting both
approaches, Paul Anderson traces the diverse social structures, and
notions of language, through which Aleppo's merchants understood
and construed commerce and the figure of the merchant during a
period of economic liberalization in the 2000s. Rather than seeing
these social structures and representations as expressions of a
timeless bazaar culture, or as shaped only by Islamic tradition,
Exchange Ideologies relates them to processes of
politically managed economic liberalization and the Syrian regime's
attempts to ensure its own survival in the midst of change. In
doing so, Anderson provides an account of economic liberalization
in Syria as a social and cultural process as much as a political
and economic one.
eBook
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) in dendroflora оf Belgrade
Four Aleppo pine trees (Pinus halepensis Mill.) have been recorded in Miljakovac park in Belgrade. Aleppo pine is a xerothermic and oligotrophic species originating from the Mediterranean and very rarely cultivated in Serbia. Tree heights and diameters at breast height were measured, as well as the dimensions of needles. The trees are healthy, not attacked by diseases and pests, and are fruit-bearing. Given the climate changes that are causing an increasingly warmer climate in Serbia, xerothermic Mediterranean species that were not suited for cultivation in Serbia in the past could become a significant factor in dendroflora of green areas of urban districts.
Journal Article
Intraspecific variation in the use of water sources by the circum-Mediterranean conifer Pinus halepensis
This work was funded by the Spanish project FENOPIN (AGL2012-40151-C03-03). J.P.F. is supported by the Ram on y Cajal programme (RYC-2008-02050). An earlier version of this work was presented by D.L. to obtain an MSc degree in the Erasmus Mundus Programme MEDfOR. The authors acknowledge Mara Luc a and Pilar Sope~na for technical assistance and Javier Rodr ıguez and Marif e D ıaz for providing isotope data from the Red Espa~nola de Vigilancia de Is otopos en la Precipitaci on.
Journal Article
Intraspecific responses to climate reveal nonintuitive warming impacts on a widespread thermophilic conifer
• Many ecologically important forest trees from dry areas have been insufficiently investigated for their ability to adapt to the challenges posed by climate change, which hampers the implementation of mitigation policies. We analyzed 14 common-garden experiments across the Mediterranean which studied the widespread thermophilic conifer Pinus halepensis and involved 157 populations categorized into five ecotypes.
• Ecotype-specific tree height responses to climate were applied to projected climate change (2071–2100 AD), to project potential growth patterns both locally and across the species’ range.
• We found contrasting ecotypic sensitivities to annual precipitation but comparatively uniform responses to mean temperature, while evidence of local adaptation for tree height was limited to mesic ecotypes. We projected intriguing patterns of response range-wide, implying either height inhibition or stimulation of up to 75%, and deduced that the ecotype currently experiencing more favorable (wetter) conditions will show the largest inhibition. Extensive height reductions can be expected for coastal areas of France, Greece, Spain and northern Africa.
• Our findings underline the fact that intraspecific variations in sensitivity to precipitation must be considered when projecting tree height responses of dry forests to future climate. The ecotype-specific projected performances call for management activities to ensure forest resilience in the Mediterranean through, for example, tailored deployment strategies.
Journal Article