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The use of carbon dioxide in the synthesis of chemicals, such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), constitutes an environmentally attractive alternative to hazardous and toxic reagents. However, the direct synthesis of DMC from methanol and CO 2 is characterized by low yields due to the reaction equilibrium and the thermodynamic limitations . Alkoxide ionic liquids possessing alkylimidazolium and benzalkonium cations were prepared, characterised and tested together with ZrO 2 –MgO catalyst for the synthesis of DMC from methanol and CO 2 . By using the novel ionic liquid as additives, ca. 12% conversion of methanol, and 90% selectivity to DMC was obtained at 120 °C and 7.5 MPa. The water abstracting potential of the ionic liquids influenced the conversion of methanol and the selectivity to DMC. The alkoxide ionic liquids were recovered and reused in DMC synthesis without loss in activity and selectivity. Graphical abstract Synthesis of DMC from CO 2 and methanol catalysed by ZrO 2 –MgO using ionic liquid alkoxides as water abstracting additives. Comparison of the fresh and regenerated ionic liquid at 120 °C.

Hemicucurbituril supported ionic liquid phase catalyst (HmCucSILP) has been synthesized by anchoring multilayer of ionic liquid ([Bmim]Cl) containing Pd(OAc) 2 and X-phos on the surface of hemicucurbit[6]uril. The HmCucSILP was effectively employed in intermolecular C–O coupling of aryl halides with sodium alkoxides for the synthesis of alkyl aryl ethers. Graphical Abstract

In this study, we investigated graft polymerization of an epoxide monomer, 1,2-butylene oxide (BO), from cellulose in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl))/ N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. The cellulose solution was prepared by immersing a cellulose/BMIMCl solution in NMP. Cellulose in the resulting homogeneous solution was treated with sodium hydride to generate alkoxides, and the mixture was then heated in the presence of BO with stirring under desired conditions for progress of the ring-opening graft polymerization. The 1 H NMR and IR spectra of the isolated products suggested occurrence of the graft polymerization to produce polyether (poly(1,2-butylene oxide))-grafted celluloses. The degrees of polymerization of the graft chains were estimated after acetylation of their terminal hydroxy groups to be values up to 5.92, obtained by the reaction at 80 °C for 3 d. The X-ray diffraction results suggested that cellulose chains in the products did not form crystalline structure. The products with the shorter graft chains were soluble in higher polar organic solvents and partly soluble in moderate organic solvents. Solubility for the latter solvents was improved with increasing the graft chain lengths.

The anatase crystallization behaviors in ionothermal synthesis (sol–gel method containing ionic liquid) of nanostructured TiO 2 were studied in this paper. It was found that the specific physical chemical characteristics of the water/ionic liquid mixture caused the formation path and crystallinity of anatase TiO 2 to depend on the H 2 O/titanium dioxide precursor (titanium tetraisopropoxide, TIP) molar ratio. Hydroxylated titanium compound was a key intermediate for forming anatase TiO 2 . It could be directly formed from hydrolysis of titanium dioxide precursor or ionic liquid-induced water dissolution of the condensation product. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data indicated that a higher hydroxyl group ratio content of hydroxylated titanium compound was obtained at medium H 2 O/TIP molar ratio and from the system containing hydrophilic ionic liquid, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BuMIm] + [BF 4 ] − ). The self organization ability of ionic liquid drove anatase crystallization through dehydration of the Ti–OH group of hydroxylated titanium compound in the thermal annealing process. As for the particle size of TiO 2 , TEM results indicated smaller particle size of TiO 2 was obtained at medium H 2 O/TIP molar ratio case.