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Onions etcetera : the essential allium cookbook : more than 150 recipes for leeks, scallions, garlic, shallots, ramps, chives and every sort of onion
Whether you delight in the hunt for scapes, your favorite heirloom cipollini, the spice of raw garlic, or the sweetness of caramelized onions, you've come to the right place. This book is for us, the Allium lovers - those of us who can't imagine cooking dinner without our onions. (After all, if there's an onion in the house, we know we can make something good!) In these pages, we'll explore the wonderful versatility of the humble onion, coaxing out flavors familiar and unknown. From classics and family favorites to more obscure recipes, you'll find 130 onion-centric dishes.
Book
Salicylic Acid Stimulates Defense Systems in Allium hirtifolium Grown under Water Deficit Stress
Nowadays, the use of the growth regulator salicylic acid for improving a plant’s resistance to environmental stresses such as drought is increasing. The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid on the physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, yield, and quality of Allium hirtifolium (shallots) under drought conditions for three years (2016–2017, 2017–2018, and 2018–2019). The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four repeats. Irrigation as the main factor in four levels of 100% (full irrigation), 75% and 50% of the plant water requirements with non-irrigation (dryland), and salicylic acid as the sub-factor in four levels of 0, 0.75, and 1 mmol, were the studied factors in this research. The combined analysis of three-year data showed that drought reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content, onion yield, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline content, tang, and allicin of shallots. Shallot spraying with salicylic acid improved leaf RWC, MSI, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The highest yield of onion (1427 gr m−2) belonged to full irrigation and foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid. The lowest yield (419.8 gr m−2) belonged to plats with non-irrigation and non-application of salicylic acid. By improving the effective physiological traits in resistance to water deficit, salicylic acid adjusted the effects of water deficit on the yield of shallots. Foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid in dryland and irrigation of 50% of the plant water requirement increased onion yield by 15.12% and 29.39%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salicylic acid.
Journal Article
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Six Essentials Oils from the Alliaceae Family
Six essential oils (EOs) from the Alliaceae family, namely garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa), leek (Allium porrum), Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), shallot (Allium ascalonicum) and chive (Allium schoenoprasum) were characterized by GC and GC-MS and evaluated for their functional food properties. Antibacterial properties were tested on five food-borne pathogens: Two Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115) and three Gram-negative Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) and Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 33291) bacteria. Antioxidant and radical-scavenging properties were tested by means of Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Garlic, Chinese chive and onion EOs had the highest antibacterial activity whereas shallot and leek EOs were the strongest antioxidants. Heating caused a decrease in the antioxidant activity of these Eos, as shown in the Total Polar Materials (TPM) test. Suggestions on relationships between chemical composition and biological activities are presented. Results show that the EOs could be of value in the food industry as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants.
Journal Article
Induction of flowering with a photoperiod extension coupled with gibberellic acid treatment: physiological and molecular insights in Allium species
Allium
species are valued for their culinary and medicinal applications, with flowering and bulbing being key developmental processes regulated by photoperiod and temperature. In short-day, many
Allium
species exhibit limited floral induction, hindering their potential in breeding programs. The present study aimed to (i) develop a methodology to induce flowering under non-inductive conditions and (ii) elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating florogenesis and bulbing in
A. cepa
,
A. sativum
, and
A. tuberosum.
A photoperiod extension system (10 h daylight followed by 8 h artificial light) coupled with gibberellic acid (GA
3
; 50, 100, 200 mg/L) treatment was standardized and applied to wild
Allium
species (
A. tuberosum
,
A. fasciculatum
,
A. macranthum A. schoenoprasum
). Results revealed that 200 mg/L GA
3
combined with an 18-hrs photoperiod significantly promoted early scape emergence and flowering in
A. tuberosum.
In contrast, scape induction was not observed in other species under any treatment combinations. In our parallel experiment, expression profiling through qRT-PCR indicated that FT1, FT3, and FT4 genes were associated with bulbing, while FT2, CO, and LFY were key regulators of flowering. High expression of LFY, AP1, SEP3, and PI in
A. cepa
and
A. tuberosum
was correlated with successful floral transition, whereas their suppression in
A. sativum
underpinned its non-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the flowering repressor FLC was up-regulated during bulbing but down-regulated during flowering, reinforcing its antagonistic role in florogenesis. This work provides new insights into the florogenesis and bulbing regulatory network under short-day conditions and underscores the pivotal role of LFY in promoting flowering in
Allium
species. The findings offer a framework for future genetic manipulation strategies, including LFY overexpression to induce flowering in sterile garlic cultivars and LFY knockdown to control bolting in bulb onions.
Journal Article
Compounds from Allium species with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a bulb-shaped plant belonging to the Allium genus which also includes onions (Allium cepa L.), leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. porrum Gay), shallot (Allium ascalonicum L), scallion (A. fistulosum L.) and chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.). The biological activity of garlic has been known since ancient times. Babylonians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans used garlic as a remedy for intestinal disorders, respiratory infections, skin diseases, bacterial infections, worms, wounds and tumors. In particular, before the discovery of antibiotics, garlic has been used against amoebic dysentery and epidemic diseases such as typhus, cholera, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. To date, more than 3,000 publications scientifically supported the use of garlic in the ethno-medicine. But what makes garlic and Allium species effective against cancer? The effect of garlic may arise from its antibacterial properties or from its ability to block formation on cancer-causing substances, half the activation of cancer causing substances, enhance DNA repair, reduce cell proliferation or induce cell death. Epidemiological studies have found that an increase of consumptions of Allium spp. reduce the risk of prostate and gastric cancers and this has been mainly related to two main classes of compounds: the apolar sulphur compounds and the polar saponins. These latter compounds, compared to the more studied thiosulphinates, have the advantages of not being pungent and more stable during cooking. Recently, there has been increasing scientific attention given to such compounds. In this paper, the literature about the major volatile and non-volatile organic compounds of garlic and other Allium plants has been reviewed. Particular attention is given to the compounds possessing antibacterial and cytotoxic activity in garlic and in the other Allium species and their mechanism of action.
Journal Article
The effects of high oxygen partial pressure on vegetable Allium seeds with a short shelf-life
Main conclusion
Storage at an elevated partial pressure of oxygen and classical artificial ageing cause a rapid loss of seed viability of short-lived vegetable seeds.
Prolonging seed longevity during storage is of major importance for gene banks and the horticultural industry. Slowing down biochemical deterioration, including oxygen-dependent deterioration caused by oxidative processes can boost longevity. This can be affected by the seed structure and the oxygen permeability of seed coat layers. Classical artificial seed ageing assays are used to estimate seed 'shelf-life' by mimicking seed ageing via incubating seeds at elevated temperature and elevated relative humidity (causing elevated equilibrium seed moisture content). In this study, we show that seed lots of vegetable
Allium
species are short-lived both during dry storage for several months and in seed ageing assays at elevated seed moisture levels. Micromorphological analysis of the
Allium cepa
x
Allium fistulosum
salad onion seed identified intact seed coat and endosperm layers.
Allium
seeds equilibrated at 70% relative humidity were used to investigate seed ageing at tenfold elevated partial pressure of oxygen (high pO
2
) at room temperature (22 ºC) in comparison to classical artificial ageing at elevated temperature (42 ºC). Our results reveal that 30 days high pO
2
treatment causes a rapid loss of seed viability which quantitatively corresponded to the seed viability loss observed by ~ 7 days classical artificial ageing. A similar number of normal seedlings develop from the germinating (viable) proportion of seeds in the population. Many long-lived seeds first exhibit a seed vigour loss, evident from a reduced germination speed, preceding the loss in seed viability. In contrast to this, seed ageing of our short-lived
Allium
vegetable seems to be characterised by a rapid loss in seed viability.
Journal Article
Genome-wide assessment of population structure and genetic diversity of Chinese Lou onion using specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing
Lou onion (Allium fistulosum L. var. viviparum) is an abundant source of flavonols which provides additional health benefits to diseases. Genome-wide specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing method is a rapidly developed deep sequencing technologies used for selection and identification of genetic loci or markers. This study aimed to elucidate the genetic diversity of 122 onion accessions in China using the SLAF-seq method. A set of 122 onion accessions including 107 A.fistulosum L. var. viviparum Makino, 3 A.fistulosum L. var. gigantum Makino, 3 A.mongolicum Regel and 9 A.cepa L. accessions (3 whites, 3 reds and 3 yellows) from different regions in China were enrolled. Genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves and prepared for the SLAF-seq, which generated a total of 1,387.55 M reads and 162,321 high quality SNPs (integrity >0.5 and MAF >0.05). These SNPs were used for the construction of neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, in which 10 A.fistulosum L. var. viviparum Makino accessions from Yinchuan (Ningxia province) and Datong (Qinghai province) had close genetic relationship. The 3 A.cepa L. clusters (red, white and yellow) had close genetic relationship especially with the 97 A.fistulosum L. var. viviparum Makino accessions. Population structure analysis suggested entire population could be clustered into 3 groups, while principal component analysis (PCA) showed there were 4 genetic groups. We confirmed the SLAF-seq approach was effective in genetic diversity analysis in red onion accessions. The key findings would provide a reference to the Lou onion germplasm in China.
Journal Article
Are there benefits of simultaneous root colonization by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities were established in pots using fungal isolates from a single field in Switzerland. It was tested whether multispecies mixtures provided more phosphorus and supported greater plant growth than single AMF species. Two host plants, medic (Medicago truncatula) and leek (Allium porrum), were inoculated with three AMF species (Glomus mosseae, G. claroideum and G. intraradices), either separately or in mixtures. The composition of the AMF communities in the roots was assessed using real-time PCR to determine the copy number of large ribosomal subunit genes. Fungal communities in the roots were usually dominated by one AMF species (G. mosseae). The composition of the communities depended on both plant identity and the time of harvest. Leek colonized by a mixture of G. claroideum and G. intraradices acquired more P than with either of the two AMF separately. Direct evidence is provided for functional complementarity among species within the AMF community colonizing a single root system. Competition among the species poses a major challenge in interpreting experiments with mixed inoculations, but this is greatly facilitated by use of real-time PCR.
Journal Article
Allium Species in the Balkan Region—Major Metabolites, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
Ever since ancient times, Allium species have played a significant role in the human diet, in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments, and in officinal medicine as a supplemental ingredient. The major metabolites of alliums, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, with an emphasis on the species most represented in the Balkan region, are discussed in this review. Due to its richness in endemic species, the Balkan region is considered the genocenter of alliums. There are 56 recorded Allium species in the Balkans, and 17 of them are endemic. The most common and well-studied Allium species in the Balkans are A. cepa (onion), A. sativum (garlic), A. ampeloprasum (leek), A. schoenoprasum (chives), A. fistulosum (Welsh onion), and A. ursinum (wild garlic or bear’s garlic), which are known for their pungent taste and smell, especially noticeable in garlic and onion, and attributed to various organosulfur compounds. These plants are valued for their macronutrients and are used as desirable vegetables and spices. Additionally, phytochemicals such as organosulfur compounds, phenolics, fatty acids, and saponins are associated with the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these species, among many other bioactivities. All parts of the plant including the bulb, peel, clove, leaf, pseudostem, root, flower, and seed exhibit antioxidant properties in different in vitro assays. The characteristic phytocompounds that contribute to the antimicrobial activity of alliums include allicin, ajoene, allyl alcohol, and some diallyl sulfides. Nanoparticles synthesized using Allium species are also recognized for their notable antimicrobial properties.
Journal Article
Elicitation Effects on Some Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity in Callus Cultures of Allium jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse.: Methyl Jasmonate and Putrescine
Allium jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse. is the most important species of the Amaryllidaceae family with various pharmacological properties. Three subsequent experiments (germination, callogenesis, and elicitation) were carried out as a completely randomized design with six replication. At the first study, the highest seed germination (78.33%) was achieved at chemical pre-treatment including the combination of α-naphthalene acetic acid (1 mg L−1) and benzylaminopurine (3 mg L−1) under in vitro condition. The highest callus induction (86.7%) was observed at MS/2 media, which was supplemented by NAA (1 mg L−1) and BAP (3 mg L−1) from hypocotyl explants. Then, two chemical elicitors including methyl jasmonate (MeJ) (0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) and putrescine (Pu) (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) were used to investigate their effects on different biochemical traits under callus culture. The results showed the superiority of MeJ over Pu for increasing the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in calluses of Allium jesdianum, compared to the control. The highest contents for total phenolics (6.02 mg GAE g−1 FW), total flavonoids (0.52 mg QE g−1 FW), and total flavonols (0.39 mg QE g−1 FW) were observed under 50 µM of MeJ. Meanwhile, the highest value for anthocyanin (8.99 µ mol g−1 FW) was achieved at 25 µM of MeJ. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activities were observed at 50 and 100 µM of MeJ. Putrescine (0.5 mM) elicitation showed only superiority for callus growth rate (0.53 mm day−1). Enhancement of desired secondary metabolites at 50 µM MeJ could be suitable for future studies in biotechnological aspects of this medicinal plant.
Journal Article