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"Ames, Roger T"
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AGENT AND DEED IN CONFUCIAN THOUGHT
Some scholars claim that the early Confucians did not have the notions of agent, action, and choice. Others disagree, arguing that not only did the early Confucians have such notions, but aspects of their conceptions of agency are in fact similar to contemporary causal conceptions of agency. In the face of this interpretative divide, an “intermediate” account of the early Confucian conception of agency is offered, focusing on the relationship between agent and deed, with the view that the relationship between agent and deed is best understood in terms of expression (or actualization). This interpretation is defended on the basis of a careful reading of important sections of the Analects. Finally, the moral-psychological implications of the Confucian-account-developed implications are considered, in particular for our understanding of three phenomena: weakness of will, self-deception, and moral regret.
Journal Article
FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF RATIONAL AUTONOMY TO THE VIRTUOSITY OF EMPATHETIC EMBODIMENT: RECLAIMING THE MODERN SIGNIFICANCE OF CONFUCIAN CIVILIZATION
By laying bare the historical roots and biases of certain modern deprecations of Confucianism, this article defends the integrity of Confucian civilization and reclaims its significance for the modern world. Taking on a typical criticism of Confucian ethics by Alasdair MacIntyre, it is argued that the ideal of Confucian self cannot be defined in terms of Western concepts of either autonomy or heteronomy; it consists rather in a kind of virtuosity as inspired by the empathetic openness of the self. Through a comparative study of Confucian and typical Western ethical theories, I will demonstrate further how the empathetic embodiment of the Confucian self may inform an order of ritual that may still be relevant for the modern world in promoting harmonious social and political orders and transforming conventional power hierarchies into the virtuous rule of benefaction.
Journal Article
A Comparative Study on English Translations of Military Terms in Sun Tzu: The Art of War
Sun Tzu: The Art of War, which was written by Sun Wu in the end of the Spring and Autumn period, is the oldest and the most famous military treatise in the world, and it has achieved a great popularity outside China. Sun Tzu is a book with universal value and eternal wisdom, which can be applied by people of all the times to human activities of all the fields. This book incorporates many military terms which are important for the understanding of it. All the Chinese commentators in the history have their own understanding of these terms, and the same is true for Sun Tzu’s English translators. The author of this paper aims to compare two English translations of Sun Tzu: the translation by American comparative philosopher Roger T. Ames and the translation by Chinese scholar Lin Wusun. The author selects twelve military terms from Sun Tzu and compares the translations of these two translators and makes an evaluation and comment on their renderings. In the end, he will try to explore the reasons behind the two translators’ translation methods.
Journal Article
ECONOMIC EQUITY, THE WELL-FIELD SYSTEM, AND RITUAL PROPRIETY IN THE CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY OF QI
It is argued here that the function of the well-field system of land ownership is consistent with the role of ritual propriety in Zhang Zai's philosophy of qi --, which emphasizes the realization of a great harmony; a state of vital, affective harmony and equilibrium. In other words, this configuration of land works to realize economic equity, a means to the further end of producing and sustaining equilibrium and harmony among members of a community, and this, I argue, is also the function of ritual propriety.
Journal Article
Confucianisms for a Changing World Cultural Order ed. by Roger T. Ames and Peter D. Hershock (review)
In “Rethinking Confucianism’s Relationship to Global Capitalism: Some Philosophical Reflections for a Confucian Critique of Global Capitalism,” Sor-hoon Tan formulates a critique of the neoliberal order based on the early Confucian conviction that the state should take care of everyone’s basic material needs, which is more important than an increase in economic production to the profit of a few and the detriment of many, as well as of education of the people (pp. 11–12). Today those who have cast ritual principles aside have pulled up the markers. [...]the people are beguiled and deluded and so sink into misfortune and calamity. In the fourth part, Michael Nylan’s appeal to “know what is enough” (zhi zu 知足), a concept that is especially associated with Daoism, but that likewise appears with the same meaning in the Xunzi 荀子, the Zhouli 周禮, and the Kongcongzi, 孔叢子, and “treating [others] as honored guests” (ru jian da bin 如見大賓) (p. 205), i.e., a general respect for human integrity and the moral integrity of human relations, comes close to the concept of a “civil religion” as defined by Robert N. Bellah.6 Such a civil religion is “not aimed at legitimizing the existing government,” “judges society with moral standards,” and “pursues civil rights, and defends civil society.” The critique of “state Confucianism” that was voiced in the second part of this volume and the search for Confucian values that can help in creating a new world cultural order that was the focus of the third part of this volume are continued in this fourth part by Bernhard Führer’s “State Power and the Confucian Classics: Observations on the Mengzi jiewen and Truth Management under the First Ming Emperor,” which discusses the peculiar case of censoring Mencius under Zhu Yuanzhang, first emperor of the Ming, and by Wu Genyou in “Striving for Democracy: Confucian Political Philosophy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,” who addresses the call for political reforms and the promotion of the idea of a division of political power and allowing more freedom for the people that characterized the end of the Ming and early Qing periods, respectively.
Journal Article
THE LOGIC OF NOT
This article offers a holistic view of thing-events by philosophically reconstructing the “logic of not” that is topicalized in the Diamond Sūtra of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This logic is then employed to redress the problem of fragmentation in understanding oneself, others, and nature, which is rooted in dualistic, either-or, ego-logical modes of understanding predominant in the West.
Journal Article
RELATIONAL SELF IN CLASSICAL CONFUCIANISM: LESSONS FROM CONFUCIUS' \ANALECTS\
The present essay argues that early Confucian texts, notably the Analects, present a relational view of self, together with relational virtues, ethics, et cetera. The recent rise of relational psychology adds empirical support to the Confucian view. This essay then elucidates the relational character of Confucius' teachings, and reflects on the promise of the relational view for grasping the character of human life and revitalizing educational and social institutions and services.
Journal Article