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This paper introduces the first electrochemical approach for the determination of Fexofenadine hydrochloride and Montelukast sodium as a combined form by constructing three new graphite electrodes coated with a polymeric membrane. The first electrode was constructed using ammonium molybdate reagent as an ion pair with fexofenadine cation for the determination of Fexofenadine drug, the second electrode was constructed using cobalt nitrate as an ion pair with montelukast anion for the determination of Montelukast drug, the third electrode was prepared by incorporating the two previously mentioned ion pairs in the same graphite sensor, which makes this sensor sensitive to each Fexofenadine and Montelukast drug. The coating material was a polymeric film comprises of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), Di-butyl phthalate as a plasticizer (DBP), ion pairs of drugs with previously mentioned reagents. The electrodes showed a Nernstian response with a mean calibration graph slopes of [59.227, 28.430, (59.048, 28,643)] mv.decade−1 for the three pencil electrodes respectively, with detection limits 0.025 μM for Fexofenadine and 0.019 μM for Montelukast drug which makes this method outperforms the reported method for the determination of this combination. The electrodes work effectively over pH range (2–4.5) for Fexofenadine hydrochloride and (5–9.5) for Montelukast sodium. The influence of the proposed interfering species was negligible as shown by selectivity coefficient values. The effectiveness of the electrodes continued in a period of time (45–69) days. The suggested sensors demonstrated useful analytical features for the determination of both drugs in bulk powder, in laboratory prepared mixtures and their combined dosage form. We have validated the method following ICH protocol, and we have reached very significant results in terms of the linearity, accuracy, selectivity, and precision of the method.

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element, but excessive Cu intake can induce poor performance and Cu poisoning and result in various health problems. Cu and molybdenum (Mo) antagonize each other in vivo. Therefore, Mo can reduce the absorption and utilization of Cu. The aims of this study were to investigate the impacts of Mo fertilization on antioxidant capacity of grazing Nanjiang brown goat on Cu-polluted meadow and explore the control methods of Cu pollution in natural pasture. Fertilization and grazing experiments were carried out in Liangshan Yi Nationality Prefecture of the Western Sichuan Plateau, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. Cu-polluted meadows of 12 hm2 were fenced, and randomly divided into two groups (3 replications/group, 2 hm2/replication), control group and treatment group, fed with basic diets supplemented with 0 and 3 kg Mo/hm2 [ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O], respectively. In the current study, 36 healthy Nanjiang brown goats (1 year old, 32.8 ± 1.1 kg) were randomly divided into two groups (3 replications/group, 6 goats/replication) and assigned to the experimental pastures. The grazing experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed that the concentration of Mo in soil in treatment group was 96.28 mg/kg, far exceeding the normal levels. At days 30 and 60, the levels of Hb, RBC, and PCV in blood in treatment group and the activities of serum SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC, CAT, and Cp were higher than those in control group (P < 0.01). The MDA content in treatment group was lower than that in control group (P < 0.01). The contents of Cu in blood and liver in treatment goats were lower than those in control animals (P < 0.01). The contents of Zn and Mo in blood and liver in treatment goats were higher than those in control animals (P < 0.01). The Mn content in liver in treatment group was higher than that in control animals (P < 0.01). These results indicated that fertilization of (NH4)6Mo7O24 not only markedly influenced the mineral contents in blood and liver, but also extremely improved antioxidant capacity of grazing Nanjiang brown goat from fertilized pastures and relieved the damage caused by Cu pollution.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of excessive molybdenum (Mo) on renal function and oxidative stress in goats. Twenty-seven healthy goats were randomly allotted in three groups and were fed deionized water to which sodium molybdate [(NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O] was added at different doses of 0, 15, and 45 mg Mo/(kg·BW) for 50 days, respectively. The results indicated that white blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly increased ( P < 0.05), while red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin (HGB), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) were tended to decrease with the increasing of the experimental period in high-Mo group compared with the control group. Besides, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CREA) contents in serum were increased ( P < 0.05) in both groups supplemented with molybdenum. Meanwhile, contents of copper (Cu) from the both experimental groups were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05), while contents of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) were increased ( P < 0.05) in serum. The contents of Cu were significantly increased ( P < 0.05), while the contents of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) did not obviously change ( P > 0.05) in the kidney. In addition, the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) significantly decreased ( P < 0.05) in the mitochondria, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression significantly increased ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these results indicated that excess Mo exposure could induce secondary Cu deficiency and oxidative stress in the kidney, which finally undermine the renal function of goats.

The inorganic phosphate–solubilizing bacteria (IPB) in the rhizosphere of Hydrilla verticillata can convert insoluble inorganic phosphorus in the environment into soluble phosphorus that can be directly absorbed and utilized by Hydrilla verticillata . In this research, the roots and rhizosphere sediments of Hydrilla verticillata were collected from high–organic matter urban landscape water. The National Botanical Research Institute’s Phosphate growth medium (NBRIP medium) was used to screen for efficient cultivable IPB. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was used to determine the taxonomic affiliation of the strains, and ammonium molybdate spectrophotometry was used to detect the phosphate-solubilizing ability of the strains. The results show that a total of 28 IPB strains with good phosphate-solubilizing effect are obtained from the roots and rhizosphere sediments of Hydrilla verticillata . These IPB strains belong to two phyla, four orders, seven classes, nine families, and nine genera. Among these, Bacillus and Acinetobacter are the dominant genera, and the strains SWIH-7, SWIP-6, SWIP-7, SWIP-13, SWIP-15 and SWIP-16 are potential new species. The IPB strains isolated and screened in this research are rich in diversity, with potential new species and stable phosphate-solubilizing characteristic. These IPB strains are suitable for further development as microbial bacterial agents, which can be applied to promote the recovery of submerged plants in polluted water with high–organic matter, treatment of polluted water and ecological restoration of water.

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of x_MoO 3 /H-Z/S micro-mesoporous catalyst, which combines the properties of ZSM-5 and SBA-15, as well as its performance for biodiesel production from the transesterification of soybean oil. ZSM-5 was added to the SBA-15 synthesis gel, calcinated, and molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ) was incorporated by incipient wetness using ammonium heptamolybdate salt [(NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ‧4H 2 O] as a metal precursor. The diffractograms and micrographics showed a micro-mesoporous structure of the support with the characteristic peaks of MoO 3 . The textural analysis showed that increasing the MoO 3 content decreases the specific area and the pore diameter of the catalysts. The Raman spectrum of the catalysts indicated vibration modes characteristic of the active species MoO 3 in the orthorhombic phase. The methanol/oil molar ratio was the variable that most influenced the yield of methyl esters within the levels of a design of experiments matrix. The highest biodiesel yield of 79.2% was obtained with 6 (wt.%) of MoO 3 , 4 h of reaction time, and a methanol/oil molar ratio of 20/1. This reaction condition uses a lower molybdenum content, lower catalyst load, and lower methanol/oil molar ratio than those reported in the literature, which qualitatively reduces the process costs. A quantitative economic analysis must be further performed to define the economic viability of the process. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Salmonella is one of the most widely distributed and harmful food-borne pathogens; thus, the rapid detection of viable Salmonella is important for ensuring food safety. In this study, a rapid visual strategy based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with the addition of thermal inorganic pyrophosphatase and linked with an ammonium molybdate chromogenic buffer was established to detect Salmonella. Specific primers were designed based on the phoP gene of Salmonella spp. The pyrophosphatase concentration, LAMP time, addition of ammonium molybdate chromogenic buffer, and color reaction time were optimized. Based on the optimal conditions, the sensitivity and specificity of the method were examined. In addition, the ability to detect actual samples was verified using apple juice containing Salmonella. LAMP was performed at 65°C for 45 min in the presence of thermal inorganic pyrophosphatase at a final concentration of 4 U ml−1, and 20 μl of the LAMP product was reacted with 50 μl of phosphate chromogenic buffer at 25°C for 15 min. According to our results, the limit of detection of the LAMP assay for viable Salmonella was 1.83 × 102 CFU per reaction, and nonspecific amplification was not observed. The detection rates of Salmonella Typhimurium with different concentrations in apple juice were 89.11%–94.80%, which verifies that the visual detection strategy is suitable for actual sample detection. The rapid visual detection method for Salmonella based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification using pyrophosphatase.

A fluorescence “turn-off-on” nanoprobe is designed by using europium-doped strontium molybdate perovskite quantum dots (Eu 3+ :SMO PQDs) for the sequential detection of hypoxanthine (Hx) and Fe 3+ . The Eu 3+ :SMO PQDs were prepared by the sol-gel method using Sr(NO 3 ) 2 , (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 .4H 2 O, and Eu(OCOCH 3 ) 3 as precursors. The green fluorescence of Eu 3+ :SMO PQDs was efficiently reduced (turn-off) in the presence of Hx, then it was restored (turn-on) gradually by introducing Fe 3+ due to the competitive formation of Hx@Fe 3+ , which results to the release of Eu 3+ :SMO PQDs. In addition, the fluorescent probe exhibits excellent selectivity and sensitivity. Under the optimized experimental conditions, linear ranges and detection limits were 0.25–25 μM and 12.30 nM for Hx and 0.025–50 μM and 10.44 nM for Fe 3+ , respectively. Furthermore, the fluorescence method was successfully explored to detect Hx and Fe 3+ in plasma and urine samples. Graphical abstract

Molybdenum oxide was synthesized on nickel foam by hydrothermal process at urea concentrations of 0.05 M and 0.1 M, mixed with Ammonium molybdate. The samples’ morphologies were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and electrochemical analysis was done by characterization processes like Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology of the material was observed as porous, cracked, and irregular. The highest specific capacitance of 708 F/g was recorded at a current density of 1 A/g for a 0.05M sample in 3M KOH.

Due to the severe environmental pollution the paper-making process often causes, the rewritten paper has emerged as a key research area to replace traditional paper. However, it is challenging to achieve application control and maximize resource utilization in various occasions when using the recently reported photochromic papers, which have low fading efficiency and poor regeneration effect. In this study, a composite film made of sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with ammonium molybdate serving as the photochromic component was prepared. The film had mechanical properties similar to paper, good resolution, and visible color after 50 days. With a magnification of 20 times, the distinct borders were still discernible. Through water-soluble-regeneration of the damaged film, the photochromic film can be faded, regenerated and reused, which has a lengthy storage time for information. The film quality and resolution do not considerably degrade after ten cycles of the \"information writing—dissolution (fading)—regenerative writing\" closed-loop process, exhibiting excellent recycling performance and high recovery rate. Hence, the photochromic film presents a refreshing approach to the design of rewriteable paper.

Mineral development and metal smelting seriously polluted the surrounding groundwater and soil, threatening human health through the food chain. To investigate the effects of different sources of molybdenum (Mo) fertilizers on immune function of Nanjiang brown goats grazing on natural pastures under compound pollutions, fertilizing experiment was carried out in Liangshan Yi Nationality Prefecture of the Western Sichuan Plateau, China. Eighteen square hectometers of polluted meadows were fenced and were randomly divided into three groups (3 replications/group and 2 hm2/replication). A total of 54 healthy Nanjiang brown goats with an average BW of 31.6 ± 1.5 kg (1 year old) were used to this 30-day test (18 goats per group). The goats from CON group, AM group, and PM group were orally supplemented with deionized water, 15 mg Mo/BW·d (ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate), and 15 mg Mo/BW·d (potassium molybdate), respectively. Compared to CON group, the serum Fe content of grazing animals from AM group and PM group was 10.05% and 3.45% higher (P < 0.05), and the serum Cu content of grazing animals from AM group and PM group was 69.05% and 67.86% lower, respectively (P < 0.05). Mo fertilization significantly increased the levels of blood Hb, RBC, and PCV, and the activities of serum SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and Cp of grazing goats (P < 0.05), and also extremely decreased the MDA content of experimental goats fed Mo compared to the control goats (P < 0.05). Compared to CON group, the activities of serum IgG, IgA, IgM, IL-2, and TNF-α of grazing animals from AM group and PM group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the levels of serum IL-6 and IL-1β of grazing goats from AM group and PM group were extremely decreased (P < 0.05). In summary, oral Mo fertilizers can alter the contents of serum mineral elements, reduce oxidative stress, improve immune function, and relieve the toxic damage of goats grazing on contaminated natural grasslands.