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During the Twenty-First Dynasty, funerary customs of the priesthood of Amun in Thebes were relatively altered due to the socio-political and economic circumstances of that period. The quest for security compelled the priests to use hidden collective tombs with no decorations or inscriptions other than those written on funerary objects. Of these are three papyrus sheaths that once belonged to three priestesses of Amun. Those formerly unpublished statuettes have been particularly intriguing as they were found within the priestesses’ burials in two collective tombs of Deir el-Bahari - the Royal Cache (DB 320), and Bab el-Gusus - and hence belong to a class of objects that has not been sufficiently investigated. في الأسرة الحادية والعشرين حدثت بعض التغييرات في عادات الدفن كإنعكاس للأوضاع الإجتماعية كإستخدام مقابر جماعية وبدون نقوش في غيرما نقش على قطع الأثاث الجنائزي. من هذه القطع ثلاث تماثيل لكاهنات لآمون وجدت دفناتهن بخبئتي الدير البحري.

This article deals with the Stela of \"an unpublished stela of the king Taharga\", now preserved in the Grand Egyptian Museum under the number GEM 2348, and was registered under the number JE 36410 and SR 14087, when it was previously kept in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. This article presents a complete publication of this Stela of Taharqa, by describing the scenes listed on it in the upper part, translating the hieroglyphic text accompanying the scene and below the scene in the second part, in addition to clarifying the importance of the stela presented by kings to the gods, the importance of the milk offering in ancient Egypt, and the role of King Taharga in renovating some buildings in the Medinet Habu Temple in particular.

The paper tackles two bases of statues which are kept the basement of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo (JE. 37998, JE 37448(a) The website of IFAO gives on Karnak cachette the basic information of these two bases, however they are still unpublished. The two pieces display only the feet attached to the base with some hieroglyphic inscriptions. The first piece belongs to P3-di-nfr-htp sqn qf Ii-m-htp and the second piece belongs to P3-H3r-n-Hnsw. This paper explores these two bases, explaining and analyzing the inscriptions with comments on the owners and the chronology.

The Egyptian queen Merit-Amun is well known for her beautiful limestone statue, which was discovered lying face-down in 1981 within the temple complex dedicated to her father (Rameses II) in Akhmim, Upper Egypt. This statue is regarded as the tallest representation of an ancient Egyptian queen. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the degradation processes of the statue caused by certain insects, including Hymenoptera, Oriental hornets, and mud daubers, which can be related to the environment and its changes over time. Furthermore, effects of other deterioration dominated in the study area, particularly groundwater. Some samples (stone, deteriorated surfaces, and nests) were collected from various locations on the statue to study the forms of deterioration. Light digital microscopy (LDM), polarizing microscopy (PM), scanning electron microscopy equipped with an EDX unit (SEM-EDX), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to analyze the composition of the stone substrate and the composition and microstructure of deteriorated products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the nests of dominated insects; furthermore, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and ion selective electrode (ISE) were used to study the chemical components of groundwater samples and the microbiological study. The results revealed that the statue was carved from very fine-grained limestone (micrite), and it was seriously affected by, on one hand, bad environmental factors while buried underground, due to the relatively moist soil conditions. On the other hand, effects of saline water, biodeterioration, insect damage, and abrupt fluctuations in temperature and humidity after excavation. All of these factors led to micro-dissolution processes and subsequent calcite recrystallization, especially in the presence of other salt minerals (mainly sulfates) and iron ions, which increased the dissolution rate. This may eventually compromise the stone’s durability, creating voids and hairline cracks and resulting in surfaces that are more susceptible to water absorption.

Following two centuries of research at Karnak, our understanding of the origins and development of this famous ancient Egyptian temple complex remains limited. Recent archaeological excavation in the Ptah temple, however, has reached its earliest levels, providing a first, securely dated stratigraphic sequence. Despite flood risks, the development of the religious complex c. 2200–2000 BC was made possible by the retreating Nile riverbank. Thus, the river and the expanding Karnak temple complex played major roles in the takeover of Egypt by the Eleventh Dynasty rulers and the growth of the new capital at Thebes, a potent combination of forces—fluvial, religious and secular—encountered among other early state powers.

The colophon of BD supplementary chapter 166 states that the text had been found at the neck of Ramses II’s mummy. Dahms, Pehal, and Willems had argued in JEA 100 (2014) that the original document had not formed part of the original tomb equipment of Ramses II, but had been added in the course of the Twenty-First Dynasty after the tomb robberies in the Valley of the Kings. In 2016, J. Quack raised fundamental criticism against this interpretation, arguing that the text dates to the early Ramesside Period and had probably been applied in Piramesse to the mummy of Ramses II. The present article offers a critical reassessment of Quack’s paper. The linguistic register of funerary texts, the development of the negative aorist, and contextual indications strengthen the idea that the text was written in Thebes in the Twenty-First Dynasty in the social context of the Amun priesthood.

This paper explores 32 inscribed objects from foundation deposits of the Temple of Thutmose III, Djeserakhet, at Deir el-Bahari. They contain ointment jars, chisels, saws, axes, surveyor’s stakes, ‘Opening of the Mouth’ adzes, a grinder, and a model of a rocker. They are kept at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and the museum database records that they were found at Sheikh Abd el-Qurna; however, the method of acquisition is unknown. This paper evaluates these pieces of information in light of the inscriptions on these objects and other objects from foundation deposits for the same king from the same site, Djeserakhet (which are scattered in different museums around the world), to reconstruct their archaeological context. This paper also notes the current museum inventory numbers of these objects to create a network of the entire group. It closely scrutinizes these objects, their inscriptions, the techniques used for engraving them, and the addressed deity.

More than 4000 graffiti are scattered throughout the Theban necropolis. Among them, around 2500 graffiti can be dated to Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First Dynasties. These New Kingdom graffiti were made by members of the community of workmen from Deir el-Medina. Only a small group of no more than 120 graffiti consist of depictions of deities and veneration scenes. The interpretation of graffiti with depictions of Amun-Re on rock surfaces in the Valley of the Kings reveals valuable information regarding their locations. This study thus attempts to identify particular locations in the valley where the workmen of Deir el-Medina venerated Amun-Re in different forms. These spots may have been considered to be of religious significance to the workmen of Deir el-Medina. تشتمل الواجهات الصخرة لجبل طيبة الغري - حيث جبانة طيبة - على أكثر من 4000 مخربشة (جرافتى). منها حوالي 2500 مخربشة تركها عمال دير المدينة وترجع لعصر الأسرات التاسعة عشرة والعشرون والحادية والعشرون. من بين هذا العدد الكبير من المخربشات توجد مجموعة صغيرة لا تزيد عن 120 مخربشة لها مدلول ديني إذ تشمل صور معبودات ومناظر تعبد. تؤدي دراسة المخربشات التي تصور آمون رع على الواجهات الصخرية بوادي الملوك إلى فهم أعمق لأماكن وجودها والهدف منها. ولذا تقوم هذه المقالة على دراسة مجموعة المخربشات التي تصور المعبود آمون رع بأشكاله المختلفة في الوادي لفهم الهدف منها والعلاقة المكانية والزمانية بينها والوقوف على أهميتها الدينية لعمال دير المدينة.

This volume offers the first comprehensive look at the role of women in the monarchies of the ancient Mediterranean. It consistently addresses certain issues across all dynasties: title; role in succession; the situation of mothers, wives, and daughters of kings; regnant and co-regnant women; and role in cult and in dynastic image, and examines a sampling of the careers of individual women while placing them within broader contexts. Written by an international group of experts, this collection is based on the assumption that women played a fundamental role in ancient monarchy, that they were part of, not apart from it, and that it is necessary to understand their role to understand ancient monarchies. This is a crucial resource for anyone interested in the role of women in antiquity.

The history of Ptolemaic Egypt has usually been doubly isolated--separated both from the history of other Hellenistic states and from the history of ancient Egypt.The Last Pharaohs, the first detailed history of Ptolemaic Egypt as a state, departs radically from previous studies by putting the Ptolemaic state firmly in the context of both Hellenistic and Egyptian history. More broadly still, J. G. Manning examines the Ptolemaic dynasty in the context of the study of authoritarian and premodern states, shifting the focus of study away from modern European nation-states and toward ancient Asian ones. By analyzing Ptolemaic reforms of Egyptian economic and legal structures,The Last Pharaohsgauges the impact of Ptolemaic rule on Egypt and the relationships that the Ptolemaic kings formed with Egyptian society. Manning argues that the Ptolemies sought to rule through--rather than over--Egyptian society. He tells how the Ptolemies, adopting a pharaonic model of governance, shaped Egyptian society and in turn were shaped by it. Neither fully Greek nor wholly Egyptian, the Ptolemaic state within its core Egyptian territory was a hybrid that departed from but did not break with Egyptian history. Integrating the latest research on archaeology, papyrology, theories of the state, and legal history, as well as Hellenistic and Egyptian history,The Last Pharaohsdraws a dramatically new picture of Egypt's last ancient state.