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In this article, the authors present a first edition of the recently found inscription TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1, propose an eighth-century dating and explore some of the consequences of this date for the group of inscriptions mentioning Hartapu, son of Mursili.

Since the discovery of the TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 inscription in 2019, Iron Age Anatolian scholarship has been energised by the appearance of a hitherto unknown kingdom in the Konya Plain ruled by ‘Great King Hartapu’. While the historical context of Hartapu’s inscriptions have undergone dramatic reassessment in light of the new text as well as the archaeology of the associated site Türkmen-Karahöyük, little attention has been paid to the conditions that would have contributed to the rise of this kingdom in the first place. Although archaeological data remains scarce for south-cen- tral Anatolia during the early first millennium BCE, this article proposes several factors that likely played a role in the emergence of the kingdom: cultural and economic interaction with the Neo-Assyrian Empire, similar relations with Phrygia, emulative competition with its Tabalian peer polities and a propitious ecological setting at a time of significant environmental transformations. Interspersed with these arguments are reflections and anecdotes about Hartapu, and especially the way we represent Hartapu visually, that evoke how the effort we have spent on understanding political dynamics in Hartapu’s kingdom has been disproportionately imbalanced toward Hartapu himself, with insufficient consideration having been given to longer term, structural forces. Such reflections lead us to reconsider the potentially disproportionately impactful effect of Hartapu’s monuments in antiquity, and the extent to which Hartapu’s kingdom in fact consisted of his own self-imaging. 2019 yılında TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 yazıtının keşfinden bu yana, Anadolu’da Demir Çağı araştırmaları, Konya Ovası’nda hüküm süren ve daha önce bilinmeyen bir krallığın ortaya çıkışıyla hareketlenmiştir. Bu krallığın hükümdarı “Büyük Kral Hartapu” olarak anılmaktadır. Yeni yazıtın yanı sıra ilgili yerleşim yeri olan Türkmen-Karahöyük’teki arke- olojik bulgular ışığında, Hartapu’nun yazıtlarının tarihsel bağlamı köklü bir yeniden değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Ancak, bu krallığın ortaya çıkışına zemin hazırlayan koşullara gerekli ilgi gösterilmemiştir. MÖ erken birinci binyılda Güney-Orta Anadolu’ya dair arkeolojik veriler halen sınırlı olsa da, bu makale krallığın ortaya çıkışında rol oynamış olabilecek birkaç faktörü öne sürmektedir: Yeni-Asur İmparatorluğu ile kültürel ve ekonomik etkileşim, Frigya ile benzer ilişkiler, Tabal bölgesindeki çağdaş siyasi yapılarla rekabet ve önemli çevresel dönüşümlerin yaşandığı bir dönemde elverişli ekolojik koşullar. Bu argümanlara ek olarak, Hartapu’ya dair çeşitli anekdotlar ve özellikle onun görsel temsili üzerine düşüncelere de makale kapsamında değinilmiştir. serpiştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Hartapu’nun krallığındaki siyasi dinamikleri anlama çabamızın orantısız bir şekilde Hartapu’nun şahsına yöneldiği, ancak uzun vadeli yapısal etkenlere yeterince dikkat gösterilmediği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu tür değerlendirmeler, Hartapu’nun anıtlarının antik dönemdeki etkisinin ne denli orantısız olabileceğini ve Hartapu krallığının aslında ne ölçüde onun kendi imgesinin bir ürünü olduğunu yeniden düşünmemizi gerektirmektedir.

The aim of this book is to provide new insights on the multi-faceted topic of the relationships between ancient Greece and ancient Anatolia before the Classical era. This is a rapidly evolving field of enquiry, thanks to the recent advances in our understanding of the Anatolian languages and the ever-growing availability of primary evidence. The chapters in this volume investigate the question of Graeco-Anatolian contacts from various points of view and with a specifically linguistic and textual focus. The nature of the evidence calls for an interdisciplinary approach, and the contributions presented here range from writing systems to contact linguistics, without excluding the analysis of cultural motifs and religious practices in both literary texts and non-literary evidence.

This study examines the maritime networks of Patara during the fourth and third centuries BC, employing numismatic and amphora evidence as proxies indicative of the city’s significant role in ancient maritime routes. The two types of evidence offer perspectives on two different types of connectivity. The numismatic analysis focuses on the presence in Patara of low-value civic bronze coins minted by non-Lycian cities, thereby offering a window onto human mobility at the scale of the individual traveller, not necessarily the traders. In contrast, an examination of transport amphorae imported to Patara helps to reveal the extent of Patara’s commercial connections. These findings enhance our comprehension of Patara’s crucial role in ancient maritime networks, illuminating the interdependence of Mediterranean societies during this period. They demonstrate the complexity of these networks, suggesting that different kinds of networks operated simultaneously. This research contributes to the discourse on ancient maritime mobilities, considering the overlaps and interactions between different forms and scales of connectivity. Bu çalışmada, Patara’nın MÖ dördüncü ve üçüncü yüzyıllardaki deniz bağlantıları, kentin antik dönem denizcilik rota- larındaki önemli rolünün göstergesi olarak nümismatik ve amphora buluntuları ışığında incelenmektedir. Bu iki veri grubu, iki farklı bağlantı türüne ilişkin bakış açıları sunar. Nümismatik analiz, Patara’da ele geçen ve Likya dışındaki kentler tarafından darp edilmiş düşük değerdeki sivil bronz sikkeler üzerine odaklanmakta, böylece yalnızca tüccarların değil, bireysel gezginler ölçeğinde insan hareketliliğine bir pencere sunmaktadır. Buna karşılık, Patara’ya ithal edilen amphoraların incelenmesi, kentin ticari bağlantılarının kapsamı hakkında deliller sunar. Söz konusu veriler, Patara’nın antik deniz ağlarındaki önemli rolüne ilişkin kavrayışımızı geliştirmekte ve ilgili dönemde Akdeniz toplumlarının birbirl- erine olan karşılıklı bağlılığını da aydınlatmaktadır. Dahası, bu ağların karmaşıklığı ile farklı türden ağların aynı anda işlediğini de bizlere göstermektedir. Bu araştırma, farklı bağlantı türleri ve ölçekleri arasındaki kesişim ve etkileşimleri dikkate alarak antik dönem deniz hareketliliğine ilişkin çalışmalara katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

The Anatolian hieroglyphs SARMA and its variants were employed during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages to invoke the god Sarruma and as theophoric elements pointing to the same god in personal names. In this paper, these SARMA signs are analysed in order to understand the chronological development of the signs, to challenge the use of ligatures, phonetic indicators and phonetic complements with the sign, to determine the precise semantic value of the sign and whether a phonetic value can be confidently identified or dismissed, and finally to investigate how scribes creatively engaged with the sign in various usages and how readers interacted with the sign and its component elements. It will be argued that an increasingly complex phonetic conceptualisation of the sign grew alongside its semantic value, and that Iron Age scribes creatively juxtaposed signs and other graphic elements to evoke memories of the Hittite past and divine legitimation.

This article reassesses the so-called Nereid Monument (ca 380 BCE) at Xanthos in Lycia by focusing on the narrative and symbolic role of female figures within its sculptural programme. Constructed as the tomb for the Lycian dynast Erbbina, the monument has been noted for its over-human-size sculpture of Nereids, its historicising city-siege reliefs, as well as its spectacular fusion of visual and architectural styles, motifs and themes from various contexts throughout the Aegean and Anatolia. Building on this scholarship, I turn specifically to the monument’s innovative representations of non-mythological women in prominent areas of its visual programme: Erbbina’s dynastic consort and a distressed woman who is caught in the throes of military violence. By focusing on the role of female bodies in Erbbina’s funerary qua triumphal monument, I argue for the important narrative function of female bodies in articulating dynastic legitimacy and continuity. Finally, this article comments on the importance of femininity in addition to masculinity in dynastic expressions in the fourth century, thus anticipating major art-historical changes in the art of power at the beginning of the Hellenistic period.

The Luwian corpus written in Anatolian hieroglyphs consists of about 300 inscriptions. Though this is sufficiently large that Luwian is mostly understood, not all words are known in full writing. One of those is the word for ‘city, town’. Since cities play an important role in Luwian monumental inscriptions, it is remarkable that the word for such a central concept is still unknown. Using a multi-modal approach, combing orthographic, morphological, iconographical and archaeological analysis, I argue that the word for ‘city’ is /allamminna/i-/ ‘fortified settlement > city tout court’, and that the hieroglyph for ‘city’ depicts a merlon, a raised section of a fortification’s battlement, thus linking it to the Hittite tower-vessels that express the relationship between city and fortifications in a material way. The identification of /allamminna/i-/ also impacts the analysis of other Hittite and Luwian words that are hitherto not well understood or not understood at all. Furthermore, it increases our understanding of aspects of the material world and of the cultural and linguistic interactions between Anatolian and Syrian societies. Finally, it illustrates the impact of Luwian and Luwians on Hittite society.

The integration of high-resolution archaeological, textual, and environmental data with longer-term, low-resolution data affords greater precision in identifying some of the causal relationships underlying societal change. Regional and microregional case studies about the Byzantine world—in particular, Anatolia, which for several centuries was the heart of that world—reveal many of the difficulties that researchers face when attempting to assess the influence of environmental factors on human society. The Anatolian case challenges a number of assumptions about the impact of climatic factors on socio-political organization and medium-term historical evolution, highlighting the importance of further collaboration between historians, archaeologists, and climate scientists.

This study delves into the comprehensive examination of an anta capital discovered during the 2008 excavations at the ancient site of Alabanda in Caria, now housed in the Aydın Archaeological Museum. Employing a typological and stylistic analysis, the research attributes the capital to the latter part of the fifth century BC, emphasising its intricate architectural ornamentation and sculptural details that reflect significant artistic and cultural developments of the period. The capital features elaborate ornament bands and mythological reliefs, including depictions of Bellerophon-Pegasus and Chimera, and a griffin attacking a horse, which are analysed for their iconographic and symbolic significance within the broader Anatolian and Mediterranean contexts. The study also explores the potential original architectural setting of the capital, suggesting its use in a monumental tomb, a hypothesis supported by its dimensions and decorative complexity. Furthermore, the article discusses the role of such imagery in asserting local identities and engaging with wider Hellenic cultural and political themes, particularly considering the complex interactions between local Carian traditions and the dominant Greek culture of the period. The findings not only contribute to our understanding of Carian art and architecture but also highlight the region’s active participation in the cultural dialogues of the Classical world. Bu çalışma, 2008 yılı kazılarında Karia’daki Alabanda kentinde keşfedilen ve şu anda Aydın Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde sergilenen bir anta başlığının kapsamlı bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Tipolojik ve stilistik bir analiz yürüten araştırma, başlığı MÖ 5. yüzyılın sonlarına tarihlemekte ve dönemin önemli sanatsal ve kültürel gelişmelerini yansıtan karmaşık mimari süslemeleri ve plastik detayları vurgulamaktadır. Başlık, Bellerophontes-Pegasus ve Chimera ile bir grifonun bir ata saldırısını içeren mitolojik kabartmalar da dahil olmak üzere detaylı bezeme bantları içermekte olup, bu tasvirler Anadolu ve Akdeniz bağlamlarında simgesel ve ikonografik önemleri açısından analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma ayrıca, başlığın orijinal mimari bağlamını da araştırırken, boyutları ve dekoratif karmaşıklığı göz önünde bulundurularak bir anıtsal mezar yapısında kullanıldığı hipotezini öne sürmektedir. Makale, bu tür imgelerin yerel kimliklerin ifade edilm- esindeki ve dönemin hâkim Yunan kültürüyle karmaşık etkileşimler göz önünde bulundurularak geniş Hellen kültürel ve politik temalarla etkileşimde bulunmadaki rolünü de tartışmaktadır. Bulgular, sadece Karia sanatı ve mimarisi hakkındaki anlayışımıza katkıda bulunmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda bölgenin Klasik dünya ile olan kültürel diyaloğuna aktif katılımını da vurgulamaktadır.