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The macroscopic and microscopic anatomical characteristics of wood impact its utilization. This study investigated and compared the anatomical characteristics of six Korean oak wood species: Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, Quercus aliena, and Quercus acutissima. Microscopic anatomical characteristics were evaluated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ list for hardwood identification. Q. variabilis had a corky bark texture, with a color similar to that of Q. serrata. Flat ridges and shallow-fissured barks were observed in Q. serrata and Q. mongolica. The heartwood color was darker than that of sapwood in all species, with color variations. Q. variabilis had heartwood–sapwood colors similar to those of Q. acutissima, while Q. mongolica and Q. aliena presented similar heartwood–sapwood colors. Concerning microscopic features, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima exhibited similar latewood vessel arrangements, featuring diagonal and/or radial patterns. In contrast, dendritic-to-diagonal patterns of vessels with angular outlines were observed in Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. dentata, and Q. aliena. Additionally, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima had vasicentric, confluent, and unilateral paratracheal axial parenchyma in the latewood. In summary, bark morphology, bark color, wood color, and latewood vessel characteristics can be used as identification keys for Korean oak species.

This study investigated the anatomical and non-anatomical characteristics of six wood species, Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Dillenia pentagyna, Anacardium occidentale, Hevea brasiliensis, and Melaleuca cajuputi, from a plantation in Vietnam. The anatomical characteristics and non-anatomical characteristics were observed following the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) list. All species showed diffuse porosity and non-septate fibers. Exclusively solitary vessels were only observed in M. cajuputi. Vestured pits were observed in A. mangium, A. hybrid, and M. cajuputi, and tyloses were found in A. occidentale and H. brasiliensis. We observed vasicentric axial parenchyma in A. mangium, A. hybrid, A. occidentale, and H. brasiliensis, whereas diffuse axial parenchyma was observed in D. pentagyna and M. cajuputi. Further, prismatic crystals in the axial parenchyma cells existed in A. mangium, A. hybrid, and H. brasiliensis, and raphides in ray cells were observed in D. pentagyna. Silica bodies in ray cells were found in A. occidentale and M. cajuputi. H. brasiliensis exhibited the greatest vessel diameter and ray height, with D. pentagyna exhibiting the greatest fiber length and wall thickness. All the species showed considerable differences in heartwood fluorescence, water and ethanol extract colors, and froth test reactions.

Objectives The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between atypical ECG patterns in typical atrial flutter (AFL) and cardiac structure, as well as sinus rhythm P-wave parameters. Materials and methods 389 consecutive patients diagnosed with typical AFL who were treated at our center were included. The morphology of the flutter wave was assessed in each lead. Counterclockwise AFL could be classified into three typical groups and two kinds of atypical groups based on the flutter ECG patterns. Sinus rhythm P-wave parameters, including PtfV1 ( P Wave Terminal Force of V1 ), P-wave area, axis, and interatrial block (IAB), etc. were measured manually. The analysis focused on examining the correlation between flutter wave and atrial structure characteristics, as well as the influence of prior cardiac surgery. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted on the correlation between P-wave parameters and F-wave morphology. Results The size of the atrium and previous cardiac surgery have an impact on the AFL ECG pattern. P-wave amplitude in lead II ( p  < 0.0001), lead III ( p  < 0.0001), V1 terminal interval ( p  = 0.01), and P-wave area ( p  < 0.0001) exhibited significant differences between the typical and atypical groups. Furthermore, the SR P-wave axis and the presence of IAB may also be associated with an atypical AFL pattern. Conclusion Typical AFL may exhibit various ECG patterns and two new patterns were found. SR P-wave, such as IAB and P wave amplitude, duration, etc. has the potential to predict atypical ECG patterns in typical AFL. The size of the right atrium significantly influence the characteristic ECG patterns observed in typical AFL.

Objective To clarify the feasibility and the anatomical characteristics related to round window exposure via the external auditory canal (EAC) without bony removal. Methods Surgical videos and radiological data from 50 adult patients who underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty type I were collected. According to surgical videos, round window niche (RWN) exposure was classified as “Certainly,” “Possibly,” and “None,” and round window membrane (RWM) exposure was classified as “Clear visualization,” “Incomplete visualization,” “Just perceptible” and “Invisible.” Basing on CT reconstruction, distances among RWM, RWN, tympanic annulus (TA), width, and orientation of scala tympani (ST) were measured under the Coordinate System of Cochlea, and anatomic features of EAC under the Coordinate System of EAC. Results 60% of RWNs were “Certainly,” 24% “Possibly,” and 16% “None” exposed. RWM exposure was 32% “Clear visualization,” 22% “Incomplete visualization,” 14% “Just perceptible,” and 32% “Invisible.” Longer distances between RWM and TA (RWM‐TA), and the Width of ST in x and z sections were related to RWM exposure (RWM‐TA: Spearman‐r = 0.663, p < 0.001, ST in x: Spearman‐r = −0.337, p = 0.017, z: Spearman‐r = −0.586, p < 0.001). RWM‐TA longer than 7.06 mm indicated a possibility of RWM exposure (AUC = 0.784, p = 0.011). Widths of ST in x and z sections shorter than 1.85 mm and 1.84 mm, respectively, indicated better RWM exposure (AUC = 0.887, p < 0.001). The size of EAC in axial and coronal sections could significantly predict RWM exposure (axial: AUC = 0.726, p = 0.011, coronal: AUC = 0.798, p = 0.001). Conclusion In adults, 54% of RWM could be partially visualized via EAC without bony removal. There are reliable pre‐operative predictors for RWM exposure, which are helpful for future inner ear therapy. Level of Evidence 3 Our study pioneers the description of anatomical characteristics that can predict RW exposure through the EAC, and it offers parameters for the customization of devices and robotic manipulation for inner ear treatments.

Background The 3PM framework revolutionizes disease management by facilitating early risk prediction, disease prevention, and personalized treatment. For isolated incomplete lateral meniscal injuries (IILMI), where early diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific symptoms, 3PM’s proactive approach is beneficial in preventing knee joint disease progression and maintaining patients’ quality of life. Aims This study aimed to develop a predictive model within the 3PM framework, integrating knee MRI anatomical features with individual physical activity (PA) patterns to enhance early IILMI detection and treatment efficacy, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Methods The training dataset comprised 254 patients. Using logistic regression analyses and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), IILMI was identified among various preoperative factors containing knee MRI and PA features. A dynamic nomogram was constructed and subjected to internal and external validations (91 patients). Validation encompassed C-index, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curves. ROC analysis determined the risk stratification cut-off. Results Six independent IILMI factors were identified, including PA intensity, PA type, degree of PA intensity, and MRI-derived anatomical parameters. The dynamic nomogram showed high predictive accuracy (C-index, 0.829 in training, 0.906 in validation). IILMI patients were divided into low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups according to the cut-off value. Conclusion In 3PM-guided management, the dynamic nomogram enables early IILMI diagnosis in patients while promoting IILMI stratification making personalized treatment feasible. With further development, it holds promise for effectively predicting IILMI risk, preventing severe knee pathologies, and enhancing the quality of life for at-risk patients.

Background and PPPM-related working hypothesis In the diagnosis of incomplete rotator cuff injuries (IRCI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound examination often have false-positive and false-negative results, while arthroscopy is expensive, invasive, and complex. From the strategy of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM), shoulder anatomical characteristics based on MRI have been demonstrated to accurately predict IRCI and their clinical applicability for personalized prediction of IRCI. Aims This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram based on anatomical features of the shoulder on MRI to identify IRCI for PPPM healthcare strategies. Methods The medical information of 257 patients undergoing preoperative MRI examination was retrospectively reviewed and served as the primary cohort. Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and tendinopathy observed under arthroscopy were considered IRCI. Using logistic regression analyses and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), IRCI was identified among various preoperative factors containing shoulder MRI and clinical features. A nomogram was constructed and subjected to internal and external validations (80 patients). Results The following eight independent risk factors for IRCI were identified: Age The left injured sides The Goutallier classification of supraspinatus in oblique coronal position The Goutallier classification of supraspinatus in the axial position Acromial thickness Acromiohumeral distance Coracohumeral distance Abnormal acromioclavicular joint signals The nomogram accurately predicted IRCI in the development (C-index, 0.932 (95% CI, 0.891, 0.973)) and validation (C-index, 0.955 (95% CI, 0.918, 0.992)) cohorts. The calibration curve was consistent between the predicted IRCI probability and the actual IRCI ratio of the nomogram. The decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves demonstrated that the model had high clinical applicability. Conclusions Eight independent factors that accurately predicted IRCI were determined using MRI anatomical findings. These personalized factors can prevent unnecessary diagnostic interventions (e.g., arthroscopy) and can assist surgeons in implementing individualized clinical decisions in medical practice, thus addressing the goals of PPPM.

In this study, the morphological (plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter and leaf number), anatomical (epidermal cell density and thickness, Stomatal length and width), photosynthetic (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, relative humidity, leaf temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters) and biochemical parameters (the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, malondialdehyde and electrical conductivity) of Cypripedium macranthos Sw. in Changbai Mountain were determined under different light conditions (L10, L30, L50, L100). The results showed that morphological values including plant height, leaf area, stem diameter and leaf number of C. macranthos were smaller under the condition of full light at L100. The epidermal cell density and epidermal thickness of C. macranthos were the highest under L30 and L50 treatments, respectively. It had the highest net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll content under L50 treatment. Meanwhile, correlation analysis indicated that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and water use efficiency (WUE) were the main factors influencing Pn. C. macranthos accumulated more soluble sugars and soluble proteins under L100 treatment, while the degree of membrane peroxidation was the highest and the plant was severely damaged. In summary, the adaptability of C. macranthos to light conditions is ranked as follows L50 > L30 > L10 > L100. Appropriate light conditions for C. macranthos are 30%-50% of full light, which should be taken into account in protection and cultivation.

The advancement in science and technology has led to luffa sponge (LS) being widely used as a natural material in industrial application because of its polyporous structure and light texture. To enhance the utility of LS fibers as the reinforcement of lightweight composite materials, the current study investigates their water absorption, mechanical properties, anatomical characteristics and thermal performance. Hence, moisture regain and tensile properties of LS fiber bundles were measured in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards while their structural characteristics were investigated via microscopic observation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology and fractured surface of fiber bundles. The test results show that the special structure where the phloem tissues degenerate to cavities had a significant influence on the mechanical properties of LS fiber bundles. Additionally, the transverse sectional area occupied by fibers in a fiber bundle (SF), wall thickness, ratio of wall to lumen of fiber cell, and crystallinity of cellulose had substantial impact on the mechanical properties of LS fiber bundles. Furthermore, the density of fiber bundles of LS ranged within 385.46–468.70 kg/m3, significantly less than that of jute (1360.40 kg/m3) and Arenga engleri (950.20 kg/m3). However, LS fiber bundles demonstrated superior specific modulus than Arenga engleri.

The anatomical characteristics, fibre morphologies, and densities were evaluated for six rattan species, i.e., Calamus manan, Calamus ornatus, Calamus ridleyanus, Calamus crinitus subsp. sabut, Korthalsia scortechinii, and Korthalsia tenuissima from the Forest Research Institute in Malaysia. Rattan samples of about 5 to 7 cm were cut at the middle portion of the internodes of a mature stem for assessment. The results allowed differentiation between the genera Calamus and Korthalsia based on anatomical characteristics such as the type of vascular bundle, ground tissue, and the presence of the ‘yellow cap.’ The fundamental properties of C. manan, including longer fiber length, thickest fibre wall, and higher density compared to other species, signified the superior quality of this species. Based on the density result, the study of other species of rattan would also find potential for furniture, decorations, and craft purposes.

Ornamental trees are being promoted to supplement wood for industrial applications in China. To determine the wood utilization potential of an ornamental tree species, Sorbus alnifolia, this study investigated the radial variation of anatomical characteristics of its wood cross-section. The results showed that S. alnifolia is porous with high cell wall percentage, fiber percentage, and vessel percentage, small fiber and vessel sizes, and low vessel frequency. The transition age between juvenile wood and mature wood is 7 to 11 years for vessels, 12 to 16 years for axial parenchyma, and 18 to 24 years for fibers. Mature wood exhibits a higher percentage of cell walls, thicker fiber walls, and a lower percentage of vessels than juvenile wood. This result implies that wood is easy to dry, has strong permeability, good physical and mechanical properties, and a high fiber yield.