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The anatomy of murder
This is the first comprehensive account of \"Anatomy in National Socialism\". Traces the gradual escalation of ethical transgressions in anatomy during National Socialism from the traditional anatomical work with the dead to human experimentation, and points to the need for vigilance against similar gradual ethical compromise in contemporary medical ethics. Demonstrates the manner in which anatomists became complicit in the complete annihilation of the perceived \"enemies\" of the Nazi-government. Demands the full reconstruction of the biographies and memorialization of Nazi-victims, whose bodies were used for anatomical purposes.
eBook
Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures
Genome-wide association studies are used to identify common genetic variants that affect the structure of selected subcortical regions of the human brain; their identification provides insight into the causes of variability in brain development and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
Genetic variants that alter brain development
This genome-wide association study of 30,717 individuals identifies common genetic variants that affect the structure of selected subcortical regions of the brain known to be involved in functions associated with movement, learning, memory and motivation. The results provide insight into the causes of variability in human brain development and may help elucidate mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Of particular interest are six novel genetic loci influencing the volumes of the putamen, caudate nucleus and global head size.
The highly complex structure of the human brain is strongly shaped by genetic influences
1
. Subcortical brain regions form circuits with cortical areas to coordinate movement
2
, learning, memory
3
and motivation
4
, and altered circuits can lead to abnormal behaviour and disease
2
. To investigate how common genetic variants affect the structure of these brain regions, here we conduct genome-wide association studies of the volumes of seven subcortical regions and the intracranial volume derived from magnetic resonance images of 30,717 individuals from 50 cohorts. We identify five novel genetic variants influencing the volumes of the putamen and caudate nucleus. We also find stronger evidence for three loci with previously established influences on hippocampal volume
5
and intracranial volume
6
. These variants show specific volumetric effects on brain structures rather than global effects across structures. The strongest effects were found for the putamen, where a novel intergenic locus with replicable influence on volume (rs945270;
P
= 1.08 × 10
−33
; 0.52% variance explained) showed evidence of altering the expression of the
KTN1
gene in both brain and blood tissue. Variants influencing putamen volume clustered near developmental genes that regulate apoptosis, axon guidance and vesicle transport. Identification of these genetic variants provides insight into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
Journal Article
The Foot and Ankle of Australopithecus sediba
A well-preserved and articulated partial foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba, including an associated complete adult distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus, have been discovered at the Malapa site, South Africa, and reported in direct association with the female paratype Malapa Hominin 2. These fossils reveal a mosaic of primitive and derived features that are distinct from those seen in other hominins. The ankle (talocrural) joint is mostly humanlike in form and inferred function, and there is some evidence for a humanlike arch and Achilles tendon. However, Au. sediba is apelike in possessing a more gracile calcaneal body and a more robust medial malleolus than expected. These observations suggest, if present models of foot function are correct, that Au. sediba may have practiced a unique form of bipedalism and some degree of arboreality. Given the combination of features in the Au. sediba foot, as well as comparisons between Au. sediba and older hominins, homoplasy is implied in the acquisition of bipedal adaptations in the hominin foot.
Journal Article
Endoscopic transorbital route to the petrous apex: a feasibility anatomic study
BackgroundWhile the subtemporal approach represents the surgical module milestone designed to reach the petrous apex, a novel ventral route, which is the superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach, has been proposed to access the skull base. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of this route to the petrous apex, providing a qualitative and quantitative analysis of this relatively novel pathway.MethodsFive human cadaveric heads were dissected at the Laboratory of Surgical NeuroAnatomy of the University of Barcelona. After proper dissection planning, anterior petrosectomy via the endoscopic transorbital route was performed. Specific quantitative analysis, as well as dedicated three-dimensional reconstruction, was done.ResultsUsing the endoscopic transorbital approach, it was possible to reach the petrous apex with an average volume bone removal of 1.33 ± 0.21 cm3. Three main intradural spaces were exposed: cerebellopontine angle, middle tentorial incisura, and ventral brainstem. The first one was bounded by the origin of the trigeminal nerve medially and the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves laterally, the second extended from the origin of the oculomotor nerve to the entrance of the trochlear nerve into the tentorium free edge while the ventral brainstem area was hardly accessible through the straight, ventral endoscopic transorbital trajectory.ConclusionThis is the first qualitative and quantitative anatomic study concerning details of the lateral aspect of the incisura and ventrolateral posterior fossa reached via the transorbital window. This manuscript is intended as a feasibility anatomic study, and further clinical contributions are mandatory to confirm the effectiveness of this approach, defining its possible role in the neurosurgical armamentarium.
Journal Article
A Trailblazer in Anatomy: Madhusudan Gupta and the Historic First Dissection
The life and accomplishments of Madhusudan Gupta, a significant person in Indian medical history, are discussed in this review article. Born into an aristocratic Bengali family, Gupta initially showed little interest in formal education. However, his enrolment in Sanskrit College and subsequent involvement with Calcutta Medical College (CMC) marked a turning point in his life. Under European guidance, Gupta challenged deep-rooted societal and religious taboos by conducting the first cadaveric dissection in India, a groundbreaking act that significantly advanced anatomical studies in the country. Facing severe opposition, Gupta utilized his profound knowledge of Sanskrit texts to justify the practice of dissection, helping integrate Western medical practices into Indian education. His work not only revolutionized medical education in India but also paved the way for future reforms in the field. Gupta's legacy is honoured through various accolades, including the Pandit Madhusudan Gupta Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award, underscoring his crucial role in the development of modern anatomy and medicine in India.
Journal Article