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Background Many veterinarians consider English Bulldogs to have a greater perianesthetic mortality risk. The aims of this study were to 1) determine total and anesthesia-related, perianesthetic mortality (PAM) rates in English Bulldogs (EB), 2) identify potential risk factors associated with mortality in EB, and 3) determine the difference in the perianesthetic mortality rates between EB, other-brachycephalic breeds (OB), and non-brachycephalic breeds (NB). Records from EB that were anesthetized between 2010 and 2017, were investigated. OB and NB were enrolled to match with each EB based on a procedure and age from the study period. Data collected in EB included: age, ASA status, weight, procedure types, anesthetic and analgesic management, anesthetic duration, anesthetic recovery location, and cause of death. Age and cause of death were determined from OB and NB. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare PAM rate and age in EB, OB, and NB. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare EB survivor and EB non-survivor. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors and odds ratio (OR) associated with PAM in EB. Result Two hundred twenty nine EB, 218 OB, and 229 NB were identified. The total and anesthesia-related PAM rates in EB were 6.6 and 3.9%, respectively. EB had a greater total PAM rate compared with OB ( p  = 0.007). ASA status was different between survivors and non-survivors in EB ( p  < 0.01). Risk factors identified regardless of the cause of death were premedication with full μ opioids (OR = 0.333, p  = 0.114), continuous infusion of ketamine post-operatively (OR = 13.775, p  = 0.013), and acepromazine administration post-operatively (OR = 7.274, p  = 0.004). The most common cause of death in EB was postoperative respiratory dysfunction (87.5%). Conclusion Total and anesthesia-related mortality in EB is considerable. Most deaths in EB occurred during the postoperative period secondary to respiratory complications.

Umbilical diseases are associated with a decreased market value and increased mortality in calves, and laparotomy is often performed in the field. This retrospective study compared the effects of inhalation anesthesia (INH) and injection anesthesia (INJ) during the perioperative period. We analyzed the medical records of 57 Japanese black calves that underwent laparotomy for umbilical diseases (umbilical hernia and/or umbilical cord disease) between January 2017 and December 2023. The INH group ( n  = 38) received continuous isoflurane inhalation with pure oxygen as a carrier gas, while the INJ group ( n  = 19) received only injectable anesthesia (xylazine hydrochloride and pentobarbital sodium). We investigated sex, age at first examination, diagnosis, anesthetic method, anesthetic drugs and dosages, number of rescue doses, hospital stay duration, operation time, and prognosis. The number of rescue doses was defined as the number of times sedatives or analgesics (xylazine hydrochloride, pentobarbital sodium, and butorphanol tartrate) were injected during laparotomy. There were no differences in age at first examination ( p  = 0.8656) and hospital stay duration ( p  = 0.4646) between the groups. The INJ group required significantly more rescue doses ( p  < 0.0001) and had longer operation times ( p  = 0.0643) compared to the INH group. Postoperative prognosis was not significantly different between groups ( p  = 0.7026). Overall, INJ required multiple rescue doses, but the difference in the method of general anesthesia did not affect the hospital stay duration or prognosis.

This guide provides checklists and other cognitive aids designed to improve safety during veterinary anaesthesia.

Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Ill or Injured Dog and Cat provides a comprehensive guide to anesthesia and pain management protocols, specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats. * Provides fast access to anesthesia and pain management protocols specifically tailored to ill or critically injured dogs and cats * Takes a case-based structure to make it easy to find and apply relevant information * Presents step-by-step clinical procedures and techniques * Supplies concise, relevant background information for all drugs recommended in the protocols, highlighting recommendations and cautions for specific patient conditions * Includes detailed information for geriatric, pregnant, nursing, and pediatric patients and those with cardiac, liver or kidney pathology

Background Cardiac troponin I, a particular biomarker, is released into the bloodstream in response to myocardial injury. Objectives To evaluate perioperative changes in high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) concentration during ovariohysterectomy in cats undergoing three different anaesthesia protocols. Methods  Twenty‐one female mixed‐breed cats owned by clients aged (2.2 ± 0.7 years) and weight (3.2 ± 0.5 kg) were included in our study. The cats were divided into three groups: propofol–isoflurane (PI) group (n = 7), xylazine–ketamine (XK) group (n = 7) and xylazine–isoflurane (XI) group (n = 7). After pre‐anaesthetic propofol (6 mg/kg IV) was administered to cats in Group PI, a mask was placed, and anaesthesia was maintained with 3.0% isoflurane in oxygen. Cats in Group XK underwent general anesthetization with xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg IM) and, 10 min later, ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg IM). Cats in Group XI were administered xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg IM), and then anaesthesia (3.0% isoflurane and oxygen) was continued with a mask. Blood samples were collected from all cats; preoperatively and postoperatively at 0 and 12 h (Pre‐, Post‐0 h and Post‐12 h, respectively). Serum hs‐cTnI concentrations were measured with the Advia Centaur TnI‐Ultra. Results In all 21 cats, hs‐cTnI concentration increased at Post‐0 h and 12 h measurement points compared to Pre‐. In the XK group, hs‐cTnI concentrations exhibited a significant increase at the Post‐0 h (51.30 ng/L) and Post‐12 h (157.70 ng/L) time points compared to Pre‐ (6.70 ng/L) (p < 0.05). Conclusions The XK group increased the concentration of hs‐cTnI more than other protocols. In the PI group, the increase in hs‐cTnI concentrations at Post‐0 and 12 h increased less than the other two groups (p < 0.05). The PI group was found to induce less myocardial damage. • Perioperative myocardial injury is a well‐documented phenomenon associated with anaesthesia. • Cardiac troponins have been recognized as a gold standard marker for detecting myocardial injury in humans and animals. • Perioperative troponin concentration increased more in the xylazine–ketamine protocol than in other anaesthesia protocols.

Propofol is a widely used drug in veterinary medicine to induce anesthesia; as well as the chosen compound for protocols of intravenous anesthesia. The present study aimed to describe the hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress alterations in calves kept under anesthesia by propofol in different dosages. In order to achieve this, eight Holstein calves were induced using propofol in a 5 mg/kg dosage and maintained under continuous propofol infusion for 60 min, having being administered 0.6 mg/kg/h or 0.8 mg/kg/h in crossover design with seven days interval. Blood samples were collected immediately before the anesthesia induction (baseline), and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after the procedure started. Statistically relevant propofol influence was observed both in blood and biochemical parameters, with differences between dosages according to the time of infusion. The drug action over oxidative stress was also observed, causing a raise of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with an uric acid increase. Additionally, the increase of triglycerides, induced by the anesthesia maintenance with propofol, caused lipemia in the samples, which was capable of interfering directly in the measurements made by refractometry and spectrophotometry. It was concluded that, in spite of propofol induced alterations in blood and biochemical parameters, such alterations are subtle. In addition to that, the drug presented an antioxidative effect, which reinstates the safety of anesthesia maintenance with propofol in calves.

This comprehensive textbook covers the key principles of veterinary anaesthesia and encompasses a wide range of species. Information is summarised in a simple, reader-friendly format, while still providing the detail you need for an advanced level of study. The easy-reference structure is designed to help you identify and access topics of interest quickly. Over 180 photographs and line drawings illustrate the scientific principles, equipment and the techniques you need to know. A self-test section at the end of every chapter helps you to learn and revise each topic. As well as the technical and species-based chapters, you will find useful chapters that you can refer to as part of your daily practice: Quick Reference Guide to Analgesic Infusions Trouble-shooting for common problems encountered in anaesthetised patients Anaesthetic Machine Checks Canine, Feline and Equine Emergency Drug Dose Charts Designed specifically for veterinary students and those preparing to take advanced qualifications in veterinary anaesthesia. It is also a useful reference for veterinarians in practice and advanced veterinary nurses and technicians.

Pain management in veterinary patients is a crucial component of appropriate patient care. Multimodal analgesia that includes both systemically and locally/regionally administered drugs is generally the most effective approach to providing pain relief. Local anaesthetic drugs used in local and regional blockade are unique in that they can completely block the transmission of pain (in conscious patients) or nociceptive (in anaesthetized patients) signals, thereby providing profound analgesia. In addition, local and regional administration of drugs, when compared with systemic bolus administration, generally results in a lower incidence of dose‐related adverse effects. Due to the potential to provide profound analgesia and the high safety margin (when used correctly) of this drug class, local anaesthetics are recommended as part of the analgesic protocol in the majority of patients undergoing surgical procedures or suffering traumatic injuries. This manuscript, Part 1 of a two‐part instalment, emphasizes the importance of using local and regional anaesthesia as a component of multimodal analgesia, provides a review of the basic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of local anaesthetic drugs in general, lists information on commonly used local anaesthetic drugs for local and regional blockade in dogs and cats, and briefly introduces the novel liposome‐encapsulated bupivacaine (NOCITA®). Part 2 is a review of local and regional anaesthetic techniques used in dogs and cats (Grubb & Lobprise, 2020). This manuscript, Part 1 of a two‐part instalment, emphasizes the importance of using local and regional anaesthesia as a component of multimodal analgesia, provides a review of the basic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of local anaesthetic drugs in general, lists information on commonly used local anaesthetic drugs for local and regional blockade in dogs and cats, and briefly introduces the novel liposome‐encapsulated bupivacaine.

Background The injection of a local anaesthetic into the periodontal ligament (PDL) to achieve desensitisation of the pulp, periodontium, and adjacent tissues is a well-established technique in human dentistry, particularly in paediatric patients. This approach, commonly referred to as intraligamental or intraligamentary anaesthesia (ILA), has been widely adopted due to its effectiveness and relative simplicity. The aims of the present publication were: (1) to provide a review of the literature, (2) to describe an ILA technique adapted by the authors for use in equine dentistry, and (3) to evaluate this technique in an equine cadaver study. Results Following injection of the solution into the periodontal ligament, the solution was observed to spread extensively through the PDL and alveolar bone, accumulating around the apex of the tooth. In horses, this distribution appeared to occur via both diffusion along the PDL within the periodontal space and infiltration into bone marrow spaces. Conclusion The described ILA technique is straightforward to perform and can practically be applied in equine dental procedures. The cadaver study demonstrated consistent distribution of the injected solution around the root apex, supporting the anatomical basis for potential desensitisation of the pulp, periodontium, and surrounding tissues. While clinical studies are needed to confirm efficacy, these findings indicate that ILA may represent a useful additional technique for achieving local anaesthesia prior to tooth extraction in horses.

Submitting late-term pregnant mares to anesthesia for non-obstetric surgery raises concerns about the survival of the mother and fetus. This study aimed to evaluate and describe transient maternal and fetal hemodynamic changes during general inhalation anesthesia in mares during the last month of gestation. Nine adult mares in the last month of gestation were subjected to general inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency for 90 minutes. Trans-anesthetic vital parameters, arterial hemogasometry, cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and fetal heart rates were assessed at defined intervals. During various timespans of the anesthetic procedure, the mares demonstrated an increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic pressure as well as a decrease in temperature. Additionally, arterial hemogasometry indicated respiratory acidosis. No changes in cardiac output were observed; however, there was a reduction in pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures and stroke volume. Fetal heart rate was significantly decreased. General inhalation anesthesia in late term pregnancy in mares in a recumbent position implies in significant hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Up to 90 minutes those changes does not seem to affect negatively the maternal-fetus prognosis.