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Behavioural neuroscience
\"Brain and behaviour are intrinsically linked. Animals demonstrate a huge and complex repertoire of behaviours, so how can specific behaviours be mapped onto the complicated neural circuits of the brain? Highlighting the extraordinary advances that have been made in the field of behavioural neuroscience over recent decades, this book examines how behaviours can be understood in terms of their neural mechanisms. Each chapter outlines the components of a particular behaviour, discussing laboratory techniques, the key brain structures involved, and the underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms. Commins covers a range of topics including learning in a simple invertebrate, fear conditioning, taste aversion, sound localization, and echolocation in bats, as well as more complex behaviours, such as language development, spatial navigation and circadian rhythms. Demonstrating key processes through clear, step-by-step explanations and numerous illustrations, this will be valuable reading for students of zoology, animal behaviour, psychology, and neuroscience\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts
A meta-analysis of studies on chimpanzees and bonobos across Africa shows that their conspecific aggression is the normal and expected product of adaptive strategies to obtain resources or mates and has no connection with the impacts of human activities.
Chimpanzees born to get wild
Studies of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, have been influential in efforts to understand the evolution of aggressive behaviour in our own species. In recent years, however, the validity of these studies has been questioned by proponents of the human impacts hypothesis, which argues that the occurrence of violence in chimpanzees is mainly the result of human activities. Now a meta-analysis of studies on chimpanzees and bonobos across Africa reveals that aggression between chimpanzees is the normal and expected product of adaptive strategies to obtain resources or mates, and has no connection with the presence or otherwise of human beings.
Observations of chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes
) and bonobos (
Pan paniscus
) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates
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,
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,
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,
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. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning
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,
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,
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,
9
. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (
n
= 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92% of participants) and victims (73%); most killings (66%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported.
Journal Article
Smart wing rotation and trailing-edge vortices enable high frequency mosquito flight
In addition to generating lift by leading-edge vortices (as used by most insects), mosquitoes also employ trailing-edge vortices and a lift mechanism from wing rotation, which enables them to stay airborne despite having a seemingly unlikely airframe.
On the wings of a mosquito
As anyone who has shared a bedroom with a mosquito will attest, mosquitos beat their wings fast enough for the irritating whine at about 800 Hz to be audible. Strangely, mosquito wings are long and thin, rather than the short and stubby wings expected to support rapid wing beats. The wing beat is also of rather low amplitude; the entire angular sweep of the wing is around 40 degrees, less than half that of the honey bee, whose 91 degree range is regarded as shallow. So how do mosquitoes fly at all? Bomphrey and colleagues show that in addition to generating lift by leading-edge vortices (as used by most insects) mosquitos employ trailing-edge vortices and a lift mechanism caused by the rotation of the wing. This adds to the expanding repertoire of mechanisms that insects use to stay airborne despite a seemingly unlikely airframe.
Mosquitoes exhibit unusual wing kinematics; their long, slender wings flap at remarkably high frequencies for their size (>800 Hz)and with lower stroke amplitudes than any other insect group
1
. This shifts weight support away from the translation-dominated, aerodynamic mechanisms used by most insects
2
, as well as by helicopters and aeroplanes, towards poorly understood rotational mechanisms that occur when pitching at the end of each half-stroke. Here we report free-flight mosquito wing kinematics, solve the full Navier–Stokes equations using computational fluid dynamics with overset grids, and validate our results with
in vivo
flow measurements. We show that, although mosquitoes use familiar separated flow patterns, much of the aerodynamic force that supports their weight is generated in a manner unlike any previously described for a flying animal. There are three key features: leading-edge vortices (a well-known mechanism that appears to be almost ubiquitous in insect flight), trailing-edge vortices caused by a form of wake capture at stroke reversal, and rotational drag. The two new elements are largely independent of the wing velocity, instead relying on rapid changes in the pitch angle (wing rotation) at the end of each half-stroke, and they are therefore relatively immune to the shallow flapping amplitude. Moreover, these mechanisms are particularly well suited to high aspect ratio mosquito wings.
Journal Article
What a fish knows : the inner lives of our underwater cousins
\"Do fishes think? Do they really have three-second memories? And can they recognize the humans who peer back at them from above the surface of the water? In [this book], the myth-busting ethologist Jonathan Balcombe addresses these questions and more, taking us under the sea, through streams and estuaries, and to the other side of the aquarium glass to reveal the surprising capabilities of fishes\"--Dust jacket flap.
Book
Efficient cruising for swimming and flying animals is dictated by fluid drag
Many swimming and flying animals are observed to cruise in a narrow range of Strouhal numbers, where the Strouhal number St = 2fA/U is a dimensionless parameter that relates stroke frequency f, amplitude A, and forward speed U. Dolphins, sharks, bony fish, birds, bats, and insects typically cruise in the range 0.2 < St < 0.4, which coincides with the Strouhal number range for maximum efficiency as found by experiments on heaving and pitching airfoils. It has therefore been postulated that natural selection has tuned animals to use this range of Strouhal numbers because it confers high efficiency, but the reason why this is so is still unclear. Here, by using simple scaling arguments, we argue that the Strouhal number for peak efficiency is largely determined by fluid drag on the fins and wings.
Journal Article
Sexual selection on male vocal fundamental frequency in humans and other anthropoids
In many primates, including humans, the vocalizations of males and females differ dramatically, with male vocalizations and vocal anatomy often seeming to exaggerate apparent body size. These traits may be favoured by sexual selection because low-frequency male vocalizations intimidate rivals and/or attract females, but this hypothesis has not been systematically tested across primates, nor is it clear why competitors and potential mates should attend to vocalization frequencies. Here we show across anthropoids that sexual dimorphism in fundamental frequency (F0) increased during evolutionary transitions towards polygyny, and decreased during transitions towards monogamy. Surprisingly, humans exhibit greater F0 sexual dimorphism than any other ape. We also show that low-F0 vocalizations predict perceptions of men's dominance and attractiveness, and predict hormone profiles (low cortisol and high testosterone) related to immune function. These results suggest that low male F0 signals condition to competitors and mates, and evolved in male anthropoids in response to the intensity of mating competition.
Journal Article
An immense world : how animals sense earth's amazing secrets
\"The New York Times bestseller now available with beautiful full-color illustrations for young readers! Explore the amazing ways animals see, hear, and feel the world, with Pulitzer Prize winner Ed Yong. Did you know that there are turtles who can track the Earth's magnetic fields? That some fish use electricity to talk to each other? Or that giant squids evolved their enormous eyeballs to look out for whales? The world is so much BIGGER and more \"immense\" than we humans experience it. We can only see so many colors, we can only feel so many sensations, and there are some senses we can't access at all. Exploring the amazing ways animals perceive the world is an excellent way to help understand the world itself. And this young readers adaptation of the mega-bestseller AN IMMENSE WORLD is perfect for curious kids and their families. Sure to capture young readers' interest it is filled amazing animal facts and stunning full-color illustrations. Along the way are tons of amazing animal facts: Did you know that leopard pee smells like popcorn? That there is a special kind of shrimp whose punches are faster than a bullet? That it's important to take your dog for dedicated \"smell walks?\" Want to know the real reason zebras have stripes? (hint: it's not for camouflage)? Pick up this enthralling and enormously entertaining book to find out! A Junior Library Guild Gold Standard Selection\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Scale-free correlations in starling flocks
From bird flocks to fish schools, animal groups often seem to react to environmental perturbations as if of one mind. Most studies in collective animal behavior have aimed to understand how a globally ordered state may emerge from simple behavioral rules. Less effort has been devoted to understanding the origin of collective response, namely the way the group as a whole reacts to its environment. Yet, in the presence of strong predatory pressure on the group, collective response may yield a significant adaptive advantage. Here we suggest that collective response in animal groups may be achieved through scale-free behavioral correlations. By reconstructing the 3D position and velocity of individual birds in large flocks of starlings, we measured to what extent the velocity fluctuations of different birds are correlated to each other. We found that the range of such spatial correlation does not have a constant value, but it scales with the linear size of the flock. This result indicates that behavioral correlations are scale free: The change in the behavioral state of one animal affects and is affected by that of all other animals in the group, no matter how large the group is. Scale-free correlations provide each animal with an effective perception range much larger than the direct interindividual interaction range, thus enhancing global response to perturbations. Our results suggest that flocks behave as critical systems, poised to respond maximally to environmental perturbations.
Journal Article