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"Animals, Extinction"
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Science, conservation, and national parks
As the US National Park Service marks its centennial in 2016, parks and protected areas worldwide are under increasing threat from a variety of factors, including storms and fires of greater severity, plant and animal extinctions, the changing attitudes of a public that has become more urbanized, and the political pressures of narrow special interest groups. In the face of such rapid environmental and cultural changes, Science, Conservation, and National Parks gathers a group of renowned scholars—including Edward O. Wilson, Jane Lubchenco, Thomas Dietz, and Monica Turner, among many others—who seek to address these problems and, in so doing, to secure a future for protected areas that will push forward the frontiers of biological, physical, and social science in and for parks.
Examining the major challenges of parks and protected areas throughout the world, contributors provide answers to a number of key conservation questions, such as: How should stewardship address climate change, urban encroachment and pollution, and invasive species? How can society, especially youth, become more engaged with nature and parks, and are there models to guide interactions between parks and their neighbors? What are appropriate conservation objectives for parks in the Anthropocene? Charting a course for the parks of the next century, Science, Conservation, and National Parks is certain not only to catalyze the continued evolution of US park conservation policy, but also to be an inspiration for parks, conservation, and management worldwide.
eBook
End of the megafauna : the fate of the world's hugest, fiercest, and strangest animals
\"Until a few thousand years ago, creatures that could have been from a sci-fi thriller--including gorilla-sized lemurs, 800-pound birds, crocodiles that weighed a ton or more--roamed the earth. These great beasts, or 'megafauna,' lived on every habitable continent and on many islands. With a handful of exceptions, all are now gone. What caused the disappearance of these prehistoric behemoths? Paleomammologist Ross D. E. MacPhee explores that question, examining the leading extinction theories, weighing the evidence, and presenting his own conclusions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Modular organization of the brainstem noradrenaline system coordinates opposing learning states
A small population of brainstem noradrenaline neurons powerfully modulates global brain function, but how they regulate diverse—and at times opposing—functions is not clear. The authors report that a modular organization in this neuromodulatory system, coupled with context-dependent activation modes, controls the balance between opposing emotional and flexible learning states.
Noradrenaline modulates global brain states and diverse behaviors through what is traditionally believed to be a homogeneous cell population in the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). However, it is unclear how LC coordinates disparate behavioral functions. We report a modular LC organization in rats, endowed with distinct neural projection patterns and coding properties for flexible specification of opposing behavioral learning states. LC projection mapping revealed functionally distinct cell modules with specific anatomical connectivity. An amygdala-projecting ensemble promoted aversive learning, while an independent medial prefrontal cortex-projecting ensemble extinguished aversive responses to enable flexible behavior. LC neurons displayed context-dependent inter-relationships, with moderate, discrete activation of distinct cell populations by fear or safety cues and robust, global recruitment of most cells by strong aversive stimuli. These results demonstrate a modular organization in LC in which combinatorial activation modes are coordinated with projection- and behavior-specific cell populations, enabling adaptive tuning of emotional responding and behavioral flexibility.
Journal Article
Extinctions : how life survives, adapts and evolves
\"A journey through the great mass-extinction events that have shaped our Earth. Drawing on the latest research, this timely and original book lays out the current scientific understanding of mass extinction on our planet. Cutting-edge techniques across biology, chemistry, physics and geology have transformed our knowledge of the deep past, including the discovery of a previously\"--Publisher's description.
Book
The Dire Wolf Returns!
\"Dire wolves once roamed throughout North and South America. The animals were larger than the gray wolves of today. They also had stronger jaws. Dire wolves went extinct. That was around 12,500 years ago. Now, a company has brought them back… in a way. Colossal Biosciences made an announcement. The company said that for the first time in thousands of years, dire wolves were born!\" (News-O-Matic) Learn about how Colossal Biosciences successfully brought back dire wolves using gene editing techniques.
Web Resource
How to clone a mammoth : the science of de-extinction
\"Could extinct species like mammoths and passenger pigeons be brought back to life? The science says yes. In [this book], Beth Shapiro, evolutionary biologist and pioneer in 'ancient DNA' research, walks readers through the astonishing and controversial process of de-extinction. From deciding which species should be restored, to sequencing their genomes, to anticipating how revived populations might be overseen in the wild, Shapiro vividly explores the extraordinary cutting-edge science that is being used--today--to resurrect the past\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Hope for Endangered Axolotls As Captive-Bred Group Survives in Wild
\"Critically endangered axolotls that were captive-bred then released into wetlands in Mexico City have successfully adapted to the wild, a new study has found, giving new hope to scientists trying to save the species from extinction. Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), found only in Lake Xochimilco, are one of the world’s most adored--and threatened--salamanders. Between 2017 and 2018, a team of researchers released then tracked 18 captive-bred axolotls in the ancient lake south of Mexico City, and in a nearby artificial wetland, to see how they would fare in the wild.\" (Mongabay News [BLOG]) Read how a captive-bred group of endangered axolotls surviving in the wild gives hope to saving the species from extinction.
Web Resource
Bring back the king : the new science of de-extinction
If you could bring back just one animal from the past, what would you choose? It can be anyone or anything from the history of life on our planet. In 'Bring back the king,' scientist and comedy writer Helen Pilcher goes on a quest to identify the perfect de-extinction candidate. Along the way, she asks if Elvis could be recreated from the DNA inside a pickled wart, investigates whether it's possible to raise a pet dodo, and considers the odds of a 21st century Neanderthal turning heads on public transport. Pondering the practicalities and the point of de-extinction, this work is a witty and wry exploration of what is bound to become one of the hottest topics in conservation-- if not in science as a whole-- in the years to come.
Book
Unveiling a new oceanic anoxic event at the Norian/Rhaetian boundary (Late Triassic)
The latest Triassic was characterised by protracted biotic extinctions concluding in the End-Triassic Extinction (~ 200 Ma) and a global carbon cycle perturbation. The onset of declining diversity is closely related to reducing conditions that spread globally from upper Sevatian (uppermost Norian) to across the Norian-Rhaetian boundary, likely triggered by unusually high volcanic activity. We correlate significant organic carbon cycle perturbations to an increase of CO
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in the ocean–atmosphere system, likely outgassed by the Angayucham igneous province, the onset of which is indicated by the initiation of a rapid decline in
87
Sr/
86
Sr and
188
Os/
187
Os seawater values. A possible causal mechanism involves elevated CO
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levels causing global warming and accelerating chemical weathering, which increased nutrient discharge to the oceans and greatly increased biological productivity. Higher export production and oxidation of organic matter led to a global O
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decrease in marine water across the Norian/Rhaetian boundary (NRB). Biotic consequences of dysoxia/anoxia include worldwide extinctions in some fossil groups, such as bivalves, ammonoids, conodonts, radiolarians.
Journal Article