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The anodic behavior of zinc electrodes is important for energy storage, corrosion protection, electrochemical processing, and other practical applications. This study investigates the anodic galvanostatic polarization of zinc foil and bulk electrodes in aqueous oxalic acid solutions, revealing significant differences in their electrochemical behavior, particularly in induction period durations. The induction period’s duration depended on electrolyte concentration, current density, and temperature. Notably, the temperature dependence of the kinetics exhibited contrasting trends: the induction period for foil electrodes increased with temperature, while that of bulk electrodes decreased. Chemical analysis and polishing treatment comparisons showed no significant differences between the foil and bulk electrodes. However, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of samples anodized at different temperatures, combined with Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis of dissolved electrode material, provided insights into the distinct anodic behaviors. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies further confirmed these findings, revealing a crystallographic orientation dependence of the anodic behavior. These results provide detailed information about the electrochemical properties of zinc electrodes, with implications for optimizing their performance in various applications.

Linear polarization is a potentiodynamic method used for electrochemical characterization of materials. Obtained values of corrosion potential and corrosion current density offer information about material behavior in corrosion environments from the thermodynamic and kinetic points of view, respectively. The present study offers a comparison of applications of the linear polarization method (from −100 mV to +200 mV vs. EOCP), the cathodic polarization of the specimen (−100 mV vs. EOCP), and the anodic polarization of the specimen (+100 mV vs. EOCP), and a discussion of the differences in the obtained values of the electrochemical characteristics of cast AZ91 magnesium alloy. The corrosion current density obtained by cathodic polarization was similar to the corrosion current density obtained by linear polarization, while a lower value was obtained by anodic polarization. Signs of corrosion attack were observed only in the case of linear polarization including cathodic and anodic polarization of the specimen.

The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of 22k gold (Au-5.8wt.%Cu-2.5wt.%Ag) and Ti containing 22k (Ti-22k) gold (Au-5.8wt.%Cu-2.0wt.%Ag-0.5wt.%Ti) was studied. Elemental Ti was added as the quaternary element to 22k gold by replacing Ag, resulting in the formation of secondary phase precipitates during age hardening treatment, thereby improving the hardness of the alloy. Anodic polarization tests were conducted for both 22k and Ti-22k samples in their as-cast annealed, cold-rolled annealed and age-hardened conditions using 0.9% sodium chloride and 1% lactic acid as medium. The as-cast and annealed 22k samples showed better corrosion resistance in both corrosion media whereas the 22k samples in the cold-rolled, annealed condition and Ti-22k samples in the as-cast, annealed condition showed poor corrosion resistance. After age-hardening treatment, cold-rolled Ti-22k samples showed better corrosion resistance due to the formation of passive layer (of TiO 2 ) on the surface. However, corrosion gets initiated in the age-hardened Ti-22k due to the breaking and decomposition of the passive layer (TiO 2 ) at a potential > 1.3 V.

This review paper provides an overview of inorganic corrosion inhibitors, including their types, mechanisms of action, applications, recent advances, and future directions. Inorganic corrosion inhibitors have been widely used to protect metals and alloys from corrosion in various industries, such as oil and gas, chemical, and construction industries. The different types of inorganic corrosion inhibitors discussed in this review include metal-based, metal oxide-based, phosphate-based, silicate-based, and other inorganic inhibitors. The mechanisms of action of inorganic corrosion inhibitors are mainly related to their adsorption on metal surfaces, formation of protective films, and cathodic and anodic polarization. The paper also highlights the applications of inorganic corrosion inhibitors in different industries and discusses their effectiveness and limitations. Recent advances in the field of inorganic corrosion inhibitors, such as nanotechnology-based inhibitors, green inhibitors, combination inhibitors, and computational studies, are also reviewed. In conclusion, this paper summarizes the key findings of the review and provides a future outlook for the development of inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The review concludes that further research is needed to develop more effective, environmentally friendly, and economical inorganic corrosion inhibitors for various industrial applications.

Serious solvation effect of zinc ions has been considered as the cause of the severe side reactions (hydrogen evolution, passivation, dendrites, and etc.) of aqueous zinc metal batteries. Even though the regulation of cationic solvation structure has been widely studied, effects of the anionic solvation structures on the zinc metal were rarely examined. Herein, co-reconstruction of anionic and cationic solvation structures was realized through constructing a new multi-component electrolyte (Zn(BF 4 ) 2 -glycerol-boric acid-chitosan-polyacrylamide, simplified as ZGBCP), which incorporates double crosslinking network via the esterification, protonation and polymerization reactions, thereby combining multiple advantages of ‘liquid-like’ high conductivity, ‘gel-like’ robust interface, and ‘solid-like’ high Zn 2+ transfer number. Based on the ZGBCP electrolyte, the Zn anodes achieve record-low polarization and stable cycling. Furthermore, the ZGBCP electrolyte renders the AZMBs ultrawide working temperature (−50 °C ~ +100 °C) and ultralong cycle life (30000 cycles), which further validates the feasibility of the dual solvation structure strategy and provides a innovative perspective for the development of high-performance AZMBs. Solvation effect of zinc ions has led to side reactions in aqueous zinc metal batteries. Here, the authors construct a multicomponent zinc gel polymer electrolyte and co-reconstruct the cationic/anionic solvation structures.

Nanometer-thick passive films, which impart superior corrosion resistance to metals, are degraded in long-term service; they are also susceptible to chloride-induced localized attack. Here we show, by engineering crystallographic configurations upon metal matrices adjacent to their passive films, we obtain great enhancement of corrosion resistance of FeCr15Ni15 single crystal in sulphuric acid, with activation time up to two orders of magnitude longer than that of the non-engineered counterparts. Meanwhile, engineering crystallography decreases the passive current density and shifts the pitting potential to noble values. Applying anodic polarizations under a transpassivation potential, we make the metal matrices underneath the transpassive films highly uneven with {111}-terminated configurations, which is responsible for the enhancement of corrosion resistance. The transpassivation strategy also works in the commercial stainless steels where both grain interior and grain boundaries are rebuilt into the low-energy configurations. Our results demonstrate a technological implication in the pretreatment process of anti-corrosion engineering. Passive films on metal surfaces provide better corrosion resistance, but they can degrade in long-term service. Here the authors demonstrate a strategy to engineer crystallographic configuration at the metal/film interface to further improve corrosion resistance.

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface is sensitive to both the potential and concentration polarization. Compared to static electrolysis at a fixed potential, pulsed electrolysis with alternating anodic and cathodic potentials is an intriguing approach that not only reconstructs the surface structure, but also regulates the local pH and mass transport from the electrolyte side in the immediate vicinity of the cathode. Herein, via a combined online mass spectrometry investigation with sub-second temporal resolution and 1-dimensional diffusion profile simulations, we reveal that heightened surface CO 2 concentration promotes CO 2 RR over H 2 evolution for both polycrystalline Ag and Cu electrodes after anodic pulses. Moreover, mild oxidative pulses generate a roughened surface topology with under-coordinated Ag or Cu sites, delivering the best CO 2 -to-CO and CO 2 -to-C 2+ performance, respectively. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy elucidates the potential dependence of *CO and *OCHO species on Ag as well as the gradually improved *CO consumption rate over under-coordinated Cu after oxidative pulses, directly correlating apparent CO 2 RR selectivity with dynamic interfacial chemistry at the molecular level. How pulsed electrolysis impacts the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction remains unclear. Here, authors present a molecular-level picture on the complex interactions between cathode surfaces, adsorbates, and local reaction environment to elucidate the promotional effect of pulsed electrolysis.

Aluminum batteries have become the most attractive next-generation energy storage battery due to their advantages of high safety, high abundance, and low cost. However, the dendrite problem associated with inhomogeneous electrodeposition during cycling leads to low Coulombic efficiency and rapid short-circuit failure of the aluminum metal anode, which severely hampers the cycling stability of aluminum battery. Here we show an aluminum anode material that achieves high lattice matching between the substrate and the deposit, allowing the aluminum deposits to maintain preferred crystal plane growth on the substrate surface. It not only reduces the nucleation barrier of aluminum and decreases electrode polarization, but also enables uniform deposition of aluminum, improving the cycling stability of aluminum batteries. Aluminum anode with (111) preferred crystal plane can stably 25000 cycles at the current density of 5 A·g −1 , with a capacity retention rate of over 80%. An aluminum anode is proposed to achieve high lattice matching between the aluminum anode and the aluminum deposit, allowing the aluminum deposits to maintain preferred crystal face growth on the aluminum anode surface.

HighlightsAn artificial solid–electrolyte interface composed of a perovskite type material, BaTiO3, is introduced to Zn anode surface in aqueous zinc ion batteries.The BaTiO3 layer endowing inherent character of the switched polarization can regulate the interfacial electric field at anode/electrolyte interface.Zn dendrite can be restrained, and Zn metal batteries based on BaTiO3 layer show stable cycling.Aqueous zinc ion batteries show prospects for next-generation renewable energy storage devices. However, the practical applications have been limited by the issues derived from Zn anode. As one of serious problems, Zn dendrite growth caused from the uncontrollable Zn deposition is unfavorable. Herein, with the aim to regulate Zn deposition, an artificial solid–electrolyte interface is subtly engineered with a perovskite type material, BaTiO3, which can be polarized, and its polarization could be switched under the external electric field. Resulting from the aligned dipole in BaTiO3 layer, zinc ions could move in order during cycling process. Regulated Zn migration at the anode/electrolyte interface contributes to the even Zn stripping/plating and confined Zn dendrite growth. As a result, the reversible Zn plating/stripping processes for over 2000 h have been achieved at 1 mA cm−2 with capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, this anode endowing the electric dipoles shows enhanced cycling stability for aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries. The battery can deliver nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency at 2 A g−1 after 300 cycles.

The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis offers a model-free approach for a detailed investigation of electrochemical impedance spectra. Typically, the calculation of the distribution function is an ill-posed problem requiring regularization methods which are strongly parameter-dependent. Before statements on measurement data can be made, a process parameter study is crucial for analyzing the impact of the individual parameters on the distribution function. The optimal regularization parameter is determined together with the number of discrete time constants. Furthermore, the regularization term is investigated with respect to its mathematical background. It is revealed that the algorithm and its handling of constraints and the optimization function significantly determine the result of the DRT calculation. With optimized parameters, detailed information on the investigated system can be obtained. As an example of a complex impedance spectrum, a commercial Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt–Oxide (NMC) lithium-ion pouch cell is investigated. The DRT allows the investigation of the SOC dependency of the charge transfer reactions, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the solid state diffusion of both anode and cathode. For the quantification of the single polarization contributions, a peak analysis algorithm based on Gaussian distribution curves is presented and applied.