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In order to clarify the characteristics of microplastics in the atmosphere of Anyang city, TSP, PM 10 , and PM 2.5 samples are collected when the ambient air quality is good, slightly polluted, and severely polluted. After pretreatment, the physical and chemical characteristics are observed and identified by using stereomicroscope and micro-infrared spectrometer. The results show that the average abundance of microplastics is 0.19 items/m 3 , 0.26 items/m 3 , and 0.42 items/m 3 , respectively, when the ambient air quality is good, light pollution, and heavy pollution in Anyang City. It can be seen that with the decline of ambient air quality, the average abundance of microplastics in TSP, PM 2.5 , and PM 10 gradually increases. The black fiber strip microplastics account for about 80% of the total TSP, PM 2.5 , and PM 10 in the ambient air of Anyang City, followed by yellow flake and black granular microplastics and a small amount of green, red, and blue fiber strip microplastics. AQI has a good correlation with the abundance of microplastics in TSP, PM 10 , and PM 2.5 , and the maximum microplastic trapping effect could be obtained according to the sampling method of PM 2.5 in the ambient air. The main components of microplastics are cellophane, followed by PET and EVA. The explorations of human respiratory exposure risk assessment show that with the increase of AQI, the daily intake of microplastics in adults also increased. At high levels of pollution, the human body breathes an average of 222 ± 5 microplastics per day.

The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) is a widely distributed yet scarce wading bird, predominantly piscivorous, and is classified as a National First‐Class Key Protected Wildlife Species in China. Effective conservation strategies necessitate the monitoring of its food resources. During the migration period of black storks, this study utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to assess ichthyological resources within the water bodies of key foraging areas, specifically Zhanghe Canyon National Wetland Park and Qixi River National Wetland Park, Anyang City, Henan Province, China. The findings revealed a diverse range of fish species, including some not previously documented locally, with no significant differences in species composition between the two sites. The results suggest that the primary fish resources in the foraging habitats of black storks are species from the orders Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, and Perciformes. To address the risk of false detections inherent to eDNA technology, we implemented a two‐step filtering method, as detailed and discussed in the main text. Based on these findings, we recommend that local governments integrate dynamic monitoring of the identified fish resources into routine conservation planning for black storks and its habitats, thereby ensuring the stability and sustainability of this essential food resource. This study employed environmental DNA (eDNA) to assess fish‐based food resources in key foraging areas of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra)—Zhanghe Canyon and Qixi River National Wetland Parks in Henan, China. Results show that the main prey in these habitats are fish from the orders Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, and Perciformes, with no significant difference in species composition between the two sites. It is recommended that local governments incorporate these fish resources into routine monitoring when formulating conservation policies for Black Stork.

A study on the evolution of ecosystem service values (ESV) in the South–North Water Transfer Central Line Water Replenishment Area was conducted to reveal the mechanism of ESV evolution in the study area, which is of great value to regional ecological environmental protection. Taking Anyang County as the research object, based on LUCC (land use and land cover change) and GIS technology, the spatial and temporal changes in land use change and ESV in Anyang County from 2008 to 2021 were quantitatively assessed using the equivalent factor method, revealing the evolutionary characteristics of ESV in Anyang County. The results show that the total value of ecosystem services in the study area showed an overall upward trend from 2008 to 2021, with a cumulative increase of RMB 834 million, and the increase in water surface area was the main driver of its ESV increase; the spatial pattern of ESV in Anyang County remained basically stable from 2008 to 2021, with a general trend of high in the west and low in the east. The ESV of hydrological regulation in the study area increased from 1.147 billion yuan to 1.613 billion yuan in 2008–2021, which contributed the most to the change of total ESV. Forest land and water area have great influence on the change of ESV in the study area, and are sensitive factors of ESV change. Combined with the results of the 2025 simulation, the value of ecosystem services in Anyang County will rise further in the future.

By simulating the layout of the “Production–Living–Ecological space” under various scenarios in the future and exploring the trend of future land use changes, it is of great significance to optimize the land use structure and ecological environment of the region. Based on the existing land use data and combined with the PLUS model, the article predicts the land demand and distribution of the PLES in the future 2040 and 2060 and then studies the contribution rate of the area changes of each land type to the change of regional ecological environment quality. The results show that (1) agricultural production land is the main type of land use in Anyang City from 1980 to 2020, and the conversion type of land use is mainly manifested as the conversion of agricultural production land to living land. (2) In all three scenarios, the main changes between 2020 and 2060 are the contraction of production land and the expansion of living land. The change rate of the ecological protection scenario is the smallest, and the decrease rate of the urban development scenario is the largest. (3) In 2060, all three scenarios show varying degrees of reduction in the Ecological environment quality index (EQI) compared to 2020. At the same time, the change in regional environmental quality is closely related to the change in agricultural land. (4) The regional ecological environment quality is the result of multi-factors, among which annual precipitation has the strongest explanatory power, and all factors show synergistic effects. The present study is intended to provide a reference for optimizing the pattern of the PLES in the region and improving the regional environmental quality.

In place of the traditional view that raids and invasion from the north introduced new weapons and chariots to the Shang (c. 1200 BC), we argue that archaeological evidence illustrates the presence of several regional groups at or near the late Shang centre, Anyang. Here we review burial practices at Anyang dating to the late second millennium BC, and describe a substantial group of prone burials that reflect a ritual practice contrasting with that of the predominant Shang elite. Such burials occur at all social levels, from victims of sacrifice to death attendants, and include members of lower and higher elites. Particularly conspicuous are chariot drivers in some chariot pits. An elite-level link with chariots is confirmed by the burial of a military leader in tomb M54 at Huayuanzhuang at Anyang, with tools that match exactly those of chariot drivers. Given that prone burial is known to the north, in the Mongolian region that provided chariots and horses to the Shang, a route can be traced eastwards and southwards, down the Yellow River, and then through mountain basins to Anyang. Our inference is that a group originally from outside the Central Plains can be identified in these distinctive burials. This marks a first step towards understanding the heterogeneity in the central population of the late Shang.

Assessing and optimizing regional ecological networks is critical for mitigating fragmentation-driven ecological risks and informing evidence-based territorial spatial planning in China. In this study, we developed a comprehensive evaluation framework integrating ecosystem services, ecological sensitivity, and landscape connectivity to identify ecological sources in Anyang City, China. We then extracted ecological corridors and nodes using circuit theory and constructed the city’s ecological network. Notably, we applied complex network theory combined with topological robustness analysis for optimization to enhance network stability. The analysis identified 43 ecological sources (820.72 km2; 11.16% of the region), predominantly distributed in western Anyang. A total of 82 corridors (460.35 km), 62 pinch points, and 120 barrier points were mapped—primarily in the west, revealing critical connectivity deficits. Network optimization through the addition of 10 strategic corridors significantly enhanced structural balance and functionality, with average degree, closeness centrality, clustering coefficient, eigenvector centrality, and graph density increasing by 5.55–12.19%, and their standard deviations decreasing by an average of 19.32%. Global efficiency (+8.74%), the largest connected component ratio (+0.73%), and node/edge recovery robustness (+17.44%/+18.08%) also improved markedly, confirming greater connectivity and resilience. Our methodology comprehensively integrates ecosystem functional services, disturbance resistance, and spatial structural stability, providing a practical reference for the construction and optimization of regional ecological networks in mountainous–plain transition zones of China.

Land economic density (LED) is vital for optimizing industrial structure and promoting intensive resource utilization. However, most existing studies have focused on city or county scales, with limited attention to township-level patterns. To address this research gap, we take 86 townships in Anyang City as research units and develop a four-dimensional evaluation system for LED. The study aims to reveal the spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of township-level LED evolution. This study is based on township-level land use, statistical, and socioeconomic data from 2005 to 2023. Using ArcGIS 10.5 for spatial analysis, spatial autocorrelation, standard deviation ellipse, and geographically weighted regression methods were applied to explore the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of LED in Anyang City. The results indicate that (1) high-LED areas form a ring around the central city with dual cores in western Linzhou county and southeastern Huaxian county, while low-LED areas are concentrated at the northwestern and northeastern margins; (2) global spatial autocorrelation is weak, with low–low clusters shrinking from contiguous patches to only three townships by 2023, while high–high clusters expand from isolated points to multi-centered diffusion; (3) the ellipse consistently shows a northwest–southeast orientation, with the rotation angle increasing from 128.24° to 130.35°, the flatness ratio rising from 0.432 to 0.445, and the centroid shifting northwest then southeast; (4) The geographically weighted regression (GWR) results highlight economic foundation, industrial upgrading, and government support as the dominant drivers. Based on these findings, we propose a “One Core–Four Poles, Three Axes–Five Zones” spatial optimization framework to promote coordinated urban–rural development. This study provides a practical and multidimensional evaluation approach at the township level, offering methodological support for regional territorial spatial planning and sustainable development.

Extensively excavated village sites from the Chinese Bronze Age are rare. Information emerging from the analysis of the small Anyang-period village site of Guandimiao, however, challenges widely held assumptions concerning the Shang polity at Anyang and its hierarchical lineages based on war and sacrifice. Evidence for specialised pottery production and the presence of artefacts imported from Anyang suggest an unexpected degree of regional economic integration. Guandimiao is emerging as a site of revolutionary importance for understanding Anyang-period Shang political and economic networks, and in its significance to both Chinese archaeology and the study of early complex societies more generally.

Excavations at the Shang capital of Anyang have uncovered a massive bone-working industry. The animal bones, mainly those of cattle, pig and deer were provided as a spin-off from regular large-scale sacrifice, and made mainly into pins, awls and arrowheads. Although some of the pins were destined for the tombs of prominent women, a penetrating analysis shows that production greatly overran local consumption and the authors are able to raise the likelihood of a wide market for traded objects in addition to the more expected control of production by the elite.

A diverse Permian crinoid fauna is reported from the Taiyuan Formation, Dajian Member (Asselian) at Anyang, northeastern Henan Province of the North China Craton. The specimens are well preserved, including articulated crowns and cups. The fauna contains representatives of each of the major Paleozoic crinoid clades: Cladida (including the Flexibilia), Disparida, and Camerata. Identified genera suggest a greater affinity with North American faunas than with Tethyan faunas. Four new species, Neoprotencrinus anyangensis, Ulocrinus qiaoi, Artichthyocrinus limani, and Synbathocrinus chenae, are proposed herein.