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"Apartheid South Africa Johannesburg."
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Fractured Militancy
Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork and
interviews with activists, Fractured
Militancy tells the story of postapartheid
South Africa from the perspective of Johannesburg's impoverished
urban Black neighborhoods. Nearly three decades after
South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy, widespread
protests and xenophobic attacks suggest that not all is well in the
once-celebrated \"rainbow nation.\"
Marcel Paret traces rising protests back to the process of
democratization and racial inclusion. This process dangled the
possibility of change but preserved racial inequality and economic
insecurity, prompting residents to use militant protests to express
their deep sense of betrayal and to demand recognition and
community development. Underscoring remarkable parallels to
movements such as Black Lives Matter in the United States, this
account attests to an ongoing struggle for Black liberation in the
wake of formal racial inclusion.
Rather than unified resistance, however, class struggles within
the process of racial inclusion produced a fractured militancy.
Revealing the complicated truth behind the celebrated \"success\" of
South African democratization, Paret uncovers a society divided by
wealth, urban geography, nationality, employment, and political
views. Fractured Militancy warns of the threat that
capitalism and elite class struggles present to social movements
and racial justice everywhere.
eBook
At Home with Apartheid
Despite their peaceful, bucolic appearance, the tree-lined streets of South African suburbia were no refuge from the racial tensions and indignities of apartheid's most repressive years. InAt Home with Apartheid,Rebecca Ginsburg provides an intimate examination of the cultural landscapes of Johannesburg's middle- and upper-middle-class neighborhoods during the height of apartheid (c. 1960-1975) and incorporates recent scholarship on gender, the home, and family.
More subtly but no less significantly than factory floors, squatter camps, prisons, and courtrooms, the homes of white South Africans were sites of important contests between white privilege and black aspiration. Subtle negotiations within the domestic sphere between white, mostly female, householders and their black domestic workers, also primarily women, played out over and around this space. These seemingly mundane, private conflicts were part of larger contemporary struggles between whites and blacks over territory and power.
Ginsburg gives special attention to the distinct social and racial geographies produced by the workers' detached living quarters, designed by builders and architects as landscape complements to the main houses. Ranch houses, Italianate villas, modernist cubes, and Victorian bungalows filled Johannesburg's suburbs. What distinguished these neighborhoods from their precedents in the United States or the United Kingdom was the presence of the ubiquitous back rooms and of the African women who inhabited them in these otherwise exclusively white areas.
The author conducted more than seventy-five personal interviews for this book, an approach that sets it apart from other architectural histories. In addition to these oral accounts, Ginsburg draws from plans, drawings, and onsite analysis of the physical properties themselves. While the issues addressed span the disciplines of South African and architectural history, feminist studies, material culture studies, and psychology, the book's strong narrative, powerful oral histories, and compelling subject matter bring the neighborhoods and residents it examines vividly to life.
eBook
The soccer fence : a story of friendship, hope and apartheid in South Africa
Each time Hector watches white boys playing soccer in Johannesburg, South Africa, he dreams of playing on a real pitch one day. After the fall of apartheid, when he sees the 1996 African Cup of Nations team, he knows that his dream can come true.
Book
Effects of the state’s informal practices on organisational capability and social inclusion
Despite state actors’ uses of informal practices in urban governance, their prominence in changing policy is little acknowledged by scholars. Their effects are even less examined. Such informal practices inextricably link with and impact on formal ones, and have consequences for the state and citizens, especially at the local level. This article presents three cases of contested urban governance from Johannesburg’s post-apartheid city administration. The cases reveal pivotal informal practices in response to challenges encountered in local urban governance, informed by multiple complex and (sometimes absent) formal practices, contexts, timings and players. Responding to different pressures, local-level state actors deliberately applied different sorts of informal practices. These pressures included the need to cope with immediate problems, conflictual relationships, political agendas, lobbying groups, competing priorities and resource limitations. The effects of informal practices on the local government’s organisational capability and citizens’ social inclusion are evident and varied. Findings imply that the state’s informal practices and their effects shape governance in ways that undermine or uphold democratic ideals, thus warranting more mindful scrutiny than given so far.
尽管国家行为者在城市治理中使用了非正规做法，但它们在改变政策中的突出作用很少得到学者的认可。对它们的影响的研究则更少。这些非正规做法与正规做法不可分割地联系在一起，并对正规做法产生影响，也会对国家和公民产生影响，特别是在地方一级。本文介绍了约翰内斯堡后种族隔离时期城市管理的三个有争议的案例。这些案例揭示了为应对地方城市治理中遇到的挑战而采取的一些重要的非正规做法，我们的分析考虑了多种复杂的（有时是缺位的）正规做法、背景、时机和参与者。为了应对不同的压力，地方一级的国家行为者刻意地采用不同类型的非正规做法。这些压力包括需要应对紧迫的问题、冲突关系、政治议程、游说团体、相互竞争的优先事项和资源限制。非正规做法对地方政府组织能力和公民社会包容性的影响是明显和多样的。调查结果表明，国家的非正规做法及其影响对治理的塑造可能会破坏民主理想，也可能会维护民主理想，因此需要对其进行比目前更警觉的审视。
Journal Article
Africa's Fear of Itself: the ideology of Makwerekwere in South Africa
Since the collapse of apartheid, the figure of Makwerekwere has been constructed and deployed in South Africa to render Africans from outside the borders orderable as the nation's bogeyman. Waves of violence against Makwerekwere have characterised South Africa since then, the largest of which broke out in May 2008 in the Johannesburg shantytown of Alexander. It quickly spread throughout the country. The militants were black citizens who exclusively targeted African foreign nationals, with some witnesses reporting grotesque scenes of sadistic behaviour. So far these violent spurts have been described as xenophobia, overlooking the history of colonial group relations in South Africa. From the perspective of this article, the history of colonial group relations cannot be overlooked, for the relations between citizens and non-citizens are extended shadows of this history. I argue that, rather than rushing to characterise these relations as xenophobia, we should factor in the history of colonial group relations and the extent to which the post-apartheid ideology of Makwerekwere and South Africa's 'we-image' vis-à-vis the rest of Africa may bear the imprints of this history.
Journal Article
Rhetorics of Resistance
The period of apartheid was a perilous time in South Africa’s history. This book examines the tactics of resistance developed by those working for the Weekly Mail and New Nation, two opposition newspapers published in South Africa in the mid- and late 1980s. The government, in an attempt to crack down on the massive political resistance sweeping the country, had imposed martial law and imposed even greater restrictions on the press. Bryan Trabold examines the writing, legal, and political strategies developed by those working for these newspapers to challenge the censorship restrictions as much as possible—without getting banned. Despite the many steps taken by the government to silence them, including detaining the editor of New Nation for two years and temporarily closing both newspapers, the Weekly Mail and New Nation not only continued to publish but actually increased their circulations and obtained strong domestic and international support. New Nation ceased publication in 1994 after South Africa made the transition to democracy, but the Weekly Mail, now the Mail & Guardian, continues to publish and remains one of South Africa’s most respected newspapers.
eBook
Race, Space and the Post-Fordist Spatial Order of Johannesburg
The deindustrialisation of Johannesburg has taken a particular spatial form. Servicesector businesses are increasingly located in the mostly White northern suburbs, whereas the mostly Black southern suburbs bear the brunt of unemployment and increasingly resemble an excluded ghetto. Some authors argue that Johannesburg's post-apartheid spatial order is just as racially unequal as it was during apartheid. This study tests this argument by using the results of the 2001 population census to examine the extent to which edge city development in Johannesburg is characterised by racial residential desegregation. The results show that the northern suburbs are undergoing fairly substantial desegregation. To the extent that this trend continues, the geography of apartheid racial divisions will be eroded and Johannesburg's racially mixed edge city will become an exception among world cities.
Journal Article
Experiencing Negative Racial Stereotyping: The Case of Coloured People in Johannesburg, South Africa
Scholars examining racial stereotyping and prejudice in racially organised social systems have largely focused on how non-White ethnic and racial groups experience racial stereotyping in White-majority national contexts such as the US, Australia and European countries. There is only scant scholarship on experiences of ethno-racial communities in Black-majority countries such as South Africa, a country where Whites are a minority. Even though there is ample scholarly work on racial stereotyping of racial groups in South Africa such as Coloured people, much of it is focused on their experiences during colonial and Apartheid eras. Little is understood about how Coloured people experience racial stigmatisation in post-Apartheid South Africa. This paper addresses this gap. Based on interviews with fourteen Coloured participants from Westbury, Johannesburg, this study found that many interviewees claimed that Coloured South Africans were negatively racially stereotyped as people who use drugs, as aggressive and violent people, as alcoholics and as criminals. Many participants also resisted and countered the negative stereotypes by talking about Coloured people in positive ways, which shows their agency. The negative stereotyping of Coloured people which prevailed during colonial and Apartheid times is still deployed by society to describe Coloured people in post-Apartheid South Africa. To capture the continuity of negative stereotyping in South Africa about Coloured people, I developed the analytical term of ‘perpetual racial stereotyping’. Many decades after the end of the Apartheid system, negative racial stereotyping of Coloured South Africans still continues in everyday life, and Coloured people are still associated with racist prejudices, narratives, discourses and stereotypes that were invented many decades ago by settler colonialism and Apartheid.
Journal Article