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Purpose - The purpose of this study is to address the significant challenge faced by startup Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) in building a substantial accommodation inventory amid intense competition and limited brand recognition. The research aims to explore and analyze the various sources of accommodation inventory available to startup OTAs. Methodology/Design/Approach - Data were collected through a series of in-depth interviews with 47 key industry players, spanning four stages, to investigate the process of onboarding new properties onto startup Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) and understand the synchronization of pricing and availability. Findings - The study evaluates various connectivity methods, identifying two main methods including: direct contracting, or third party's connections, encompassing channel manager connection, API integration, affiliation program or white label solutions. In each method there are several sources. The pivotal decision for startup OTAs in selecting inventory sources revolves around factors such as cost, number of listed properties, technology, and reputation. Originality of the research - These findings serve as a practical guide, allowing OTAs to make informed decisions, refine strategies, and optimize connectivity processes for a competitive edge in the dynamic online travel market.

Program synthesis is an exciting topic that desires to generate programs satisfying user intent automatically. But in most cases, only small programs for simple or domain-specific tasks can be synthesized. The major obstacle of synthesis lies in the huge search space. A common practice in addressing this problem is using a domain-specific language, while many approaches still wish to synthesize programs in general programming languages. With the rapid growth of reusable libraries, component-based synthesis provides a promising way, such as synthesizing Java programs which are only composed of APIs (application programming interfaces). However, the efficiency of searching for proper solutions for complex tasks is still a challenge. Given an unfamiliar programming task, programmers would search for API usage knowledge from various coding resources to reduce the search space. Considering this, we propose a novel approach named ProSy to synthesize API-based programs in Java. The key novelty is to retrieve related knowledge from Javadoc and Stack Overflow and then construct a probabilistic reachability graph. It assigns higher probabilities to APIs that are more likely to be used in implementing the given task. In the synthesis process, the program sketch with a higher probability will be considered first; thus, the number of explored reachable paths would be decreased. Some extension and optimization strategies are further studied in the paper. We implement our approach and conduct several experiments on it. We compare ProSy with SyPet and other state-of-the-art API-based synthesis approaches. The experimental results show that ProSy reduces the synthesis time of SyPet by up to 80%.

Social media generated from many individuals is playing a greater role in our daily lives and provides a unique opportunity to gain valuable insight on information flow and social networking within a society. Through data collection and analysis of its content, it supports a greater mapping and understanding of the evolving human landscape. The information disseminated through such media represents a deviation from volunteered geography, in the sense that it is not geographic information per se. Nevertheless, the message often has geographic footprints, for example, in the form of locations from where the tweets originate, or references in their content to geographic entities. We argue that such data conveys ambient geospatial information, capturing for example, people's references to locations that represent momentary social hotspots. In this paper we address a framework to harvest such ambient geospatial information, and resulting hybrid capabilities to analyze it to support situational awareness as it relates to human activities. We argue that this emergence of ambient geospatial analysis represents a second step in the evolution of geospatial data availability, following on the heels of volunteered geographical information.

This study investigates the efficiency of large language model (LLM) application programming interfaces (APIs)—specifically GPT-4 and Llama-3—as AI tutors for undergraduate Geotechnical Engineering education. As educational needs in specialised fields like Geotechnical Engineering become increasingly complex, innovative teaching tools that provide personalised learning experiences are essential. Unlike previous studies on AI-driven education, our research uniquely focuses on assessing the role of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) in improving the accuracy of LLM-generated solutions to Geotechnical problems. A dataset of 391 questions from the related textbook written by Das and Sobhan (Das B, Sobhan K. Principles of Geotechnical engineering, Eight Edition. In: Cengage Learning. 2014) was used for evaluation, with solutions sourced from the textbook’s manual. Performance benchmarking focused on 20 challenging questions previously identified by Chen et al. (Chen et al. in Geotechnics 4:470–498, 2024) as problematic for GPT-4 in Zero Shot tasks. GPT-4 with API support demonstrated superior accuracy, achieving accuracy rates of 95% at a temperature setting of 0.1, 82.5% at 0.5, and 60% at 1. In comparison, Llama-3 achieved an accuracy of 25% in Zero Shot tasks and 45% with API support at a temperature setting of 0.1. The findings highlight GPT-4’s potential as an AI tutor for Geotechnical Engineering education while demonstrating the need for domain-specific optimisation and advanced formula integration techniques. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on AI in education by providing empirical evidence supporting the deployment of LLMs as personalised, adaptive teaching aids in engineering disciplines. Future work should explore optimised formula integration strategies, expanded domain knowledge bases, and long-term student learning outcomes.

Mobile Cloudlet Computing paradigm (MCC) allows execution of resource-intensive mobile applications using computation cloud resources by exploiting computational offloading method for resource-constrained mobile devices. Whereas, computational offloading needs the mobile application to be partitioned during the execution in the MCC so that total execution cost is minimized. In the MCC, at the run-time network contexts (i.e., network bandwidth, signal strength, latency, etc.) are intermittently changed, and transient failures (due to temporary network connection failure, services busy, database disk out of storage) often occur for a short period of time. Therefore, transient failure aware partitioning of the mobile application at run-time is a challenging task. Since, existing MCC offers computational monolithic services by exploiting heavyweight virtual machines, which incurs with long VM startup time and high overhead, and these cannot meet the requirements of fine-grained microservices applications (e.g., E-healthcare, E-business, 3D-Game, and Augmented Reality). To cope up with prior issues, we propose microservices based mobile cloud platform by exploiting containerization which replaces heavyweight virtual machines, and we propose the application partitioning task assignment (APTA) algorithm which determines application partitioning at run-time and adopts the fault aware (FA) policy to execute microservices applications robustly without interruption in the MCC. Simulation results validate that the proposed microservices mobile cloud platform not only shrinks the setup time of run-time platform but also reduce the energy consumption of nodes and improve the application response time by exploiting APTA and FA to the existing VM based MCC and application partitioning strategies.

The design and maintenance of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are complex tasks due to the constantly changing requirements of their users. Despite the efforts of their designers, APIs may suffer from a number of issues (such as incomplete or erroneous documentation, poor performance, and backward incompatibility). To maintain a healthy client base, API designers must learn these issues to fix them. Question answering sites, such as Stack Overflow (SO), have become a popular place for discussing API issues. These posts about API issues are invaluable to API designers, not only because they can help to learn more about the problem but also because they can facilitate learning the requirements of API users. However, the unstructured nature of posts and the abundance of non-issue posts make the task of detecting SO posts concerning API issues difficult and challenging. In this paper, we first develop a supervised learning approach using a Conditional Random Field (CRF), a statistical modeling method, to identify API issue-related sentences. We use the above information together with different features collected from posts, the experience of users, readability metrics and centrality measures of collaboration network to build a technique, called CAPS, that can classify SO posts concerning API issues. In total, we consider 34 features along eight different dimensions. Evaluation of CAPS using carefully curated SO posts on three popular API types reveals that the technique outperforms all three baseline approaches we consider in this study. We then conduct studies to find important features and also evaluate the performance of the CRF-based technique for classifying issue sentences. Comparison with two other baseline approaches shows that the technique has high potential. We also test the generalizability of CAPS results, evaluate the effectiveness of different classifiers, and identify the impact of different feature sets.

To improve e-government services released by Communication and Information Technology Office of Samarinda City, each system needs to be able to interoperate even when developed by different developers. Interoperation can be achieved by using one data source which is API (Application Programming Interface) for general data objects such as announcements. Given this condition, API built by using microservice can support further enhancement even if API is developed by developers who use different programming languages. The result shows that microservice API can be used to interoperate in relaying data between e-government services and can be developed using more than one programming language and base codes. Further development of this API can be done by adding more data objects, using AWS Cognito as authorization management, adding AWS Elasticsearch to load and filter data, and by showing data objects in real-time on the front end.

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method widely used in critical care and various clinical settings to monitor blood oxygen saturation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, its application for at-home oxygen saturation monitoring became prevalent. Further investigations found that pulse oximetry devices show decreased accuracy when used on individuals with darker skin tones. This study aimed to investigate the influence of X (previously known as Twitter) on the dissemination of information and the extent to which it raised health care sector awareness regarding racial disparities in pulse oximetry. This study aimed to explore the impact of social media, specifically X, on increasing awareness of racial disparities in the accuracy of pulse oximetry and to map this analysis against the evolution of published literature on this topic. We used social network analysis drawing upon Network Overview Discovery and Exploration for Excel Pro (NodeXL Pro; Social Media Research Foundation) to examine the impact of X conversations concerning pulse oximetry devices. Searches were conducted using the Twitter Academic Track application programming interface (as it was known then). These searches were performed each year (January to December) from 2012 to 2022 to cover 11 years with up to 52,052 users, generating 188,051 posts. We identified the nature of influencers in this field and monitored the temporal dissemination of information about social events and regulatory changes. Furthermore, our social media analysis was mapped against the evolution of published literature on this topic, which we located using PubMed. Conversations on X increased health care awareness of racial bias in pulse oximetry. They also facilitated the rapid dissemination of information, attaining a substantial audience within a compressed time frame, which may have impacted regulatory action announced concerning the investigation of racial biases in pulse oximetry. This increased awareness led to a surge in scientific research on the subject, highlighting a growing recognition of the necessity to understand and address these disparities in medical technology and its usage. Social media platforms such as X enabled researchers, health experts, patients, and the public to rapidly share information, increasing awareness of potential racial bias. These platforms also helped connect individuals interested in these topics and facilitated discussions that spurred further research. Our research provides a basis for understanding the role of X and other social media platforms in spreading health-related information about potential biases in medical devices such as pulse oximeters.

In today’s digitalized educational landscape, the intelligent use of information is essential for personalizing learning, improving assessment accuracy, and supporting data-driven pedagogical decisions. This systematic review examines the integration of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance educational information management and learning processes. A total of 27 peer-reviewed studies published between 2013 and 2025 were analyzed. First, a general description of the selected works was provided, followed by a breakdown by dimensions in order to identify recurring patterns, stated interests and gaps in the current scientific literature on the use of AI-driven APIs in Education. The findings highlight five main benefits: data interoperability, personalized learning, automated feedback, real-time student monitoring, and predictive performance analytics. All studies addressed personalization, 74.1% focused on platform integration, and 37% examined automated feedback. Reported outcomes include improvements in engagement (63%), comprehension (55.6%), and academic achievement (48.1%). However, the review also identifies concerns about privacy, algorithmic bias, and limited methodological rigor in existing research. The study concludes with a conceptual model that synthesizes these findings from pedagogical, technological, and ethical perspectives, providing guidance for more adaptive, inclusive, and responsible uses of AI in education.