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"Apportionment"
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Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter in a Chinese megacity : modelling comparison
Jinan is one of the most polluted mega-cities in China, which is primarily due to the high levels of PM2.s. A quantitative understanding on the sources of PM2.s is a prerequisite to control the severe pollution. In this project, 103 PM2.s samples were collected and their chemical composition, including water-soluble ions, trace metals, organice carbon, elemental carbon and organice molecular markers, were measured. Mass closure anlysis reveals that OM (29%), sulphate (18%), nitrate (10%), ammonium (9%) and geological material (9%) are the major chemical components in PM2.s in Jinan. The data were fed to both PMF and CMB models for source apportionment and uncertainty analysis. PMF and CMB have identified secondary inorganic aerosol (41%; 31%), coal burning (10%; 16%), biomass burning (20%; 17%), vehicle emission (16%; 14%) and mineral dust (10%; 6%) as the major PM2.s sources in Jinan, respectively. CMB also identified the metallurgic plant (11 %) production as a potentially important source of Jinan's PM2.s. Furtherwork needs to be done including using other source identifications such as back trajectory, chemical transport model and remote sensing. Longer sampling periods is also recommended and establishing the local source profile is vital for the source apportionment in Jinan in the near future.
Dissertation
Representation and inequality in late nineteenth-century America : the politics of apportionment
\"This book examines fierce conflicts over apportionment and gerrymandering in the late nineteenth-century Midwest\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Systemic And Structural Racism: Definitions, Examples, Health Damages, And Approaches To Dismantling
Racism is not always conscious, explicit, or readily visible- often it is systemic and structural. Systemic and structural racism are forms of racism that are pervasively and deeply embedded in systems, laws, written or unwritten policies, and entrenched practices and beliefs that produce, condone, and perpetuate widespread unfair treatment and oppression of people of color, with adverse health consequences. Examples include residential segregation, unfair lending practices and other barriers to home ownership and accumulating wealth, schools' dependence on local property taxes, environmental injustice, biased policing and sentencing of men and boys of color, and voter suppression policies. This article defines systemic and structural racism, using examples; explains how they damage health through many causal pathways; and suggests approaches to dismantling them. Because systemic and structural racism permeate all sectors and areas, addressing them will require mutually reinforcing actions in multiple sectors and places; acknowledging their existence is a crucial first step.
Journal Article