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\"This richly illustrated book provides an overview of the Neoproterozoic Pan-African Belt of Egypt (PABE), which represents the northwestern continuation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) and the East African Orogen (EAO). The first chapter offers an introduction to the Turin Papyrus Map and the historical background of the PABE, while the second addresses how the PABE is related to the ANS and EAO. Rock succession of the PABE is dealt with in Chapter 3, while Chapter 4 focuses on Sinai Metamorphic Core Complexes and implications on the break-up of Rodinia. Subsequent chapters discuss a broad range of topics, e.g. ophiolite-dominated suprastructural rocks; volcanosedimentary succession, Neoproterozoic volcanism and volcanic rocks in Egypt; enigmatic issues concerning granite, Dokhan and Hammamat sediments; the lithospheric mantle beneath the Northeast African continent and the mantle section of Neoproterozoic ophiolites from the PABE; sutures, megashears and petrogenetic evolution of the Neoproterozoic rocks of Egypt; and metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits in the PABE, which are covered in extensive detail. The book's closing chapters discuss the application of remote sensing techniques and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to decipher the tectonic evolution of the PABE, as well as the use of geophysical data to map structural features and hydrothermal alteration zones in the PABE\"--Back cover.

The Suez Rift developed as a northern extension of the Red Sea rift during the Oligocene-Miocene, whose flanks were constructed from the Neoproterozoic basement rocks of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. These basement rocks are comprised of the whole tectonic history since their formation. The Suez Rift initiation model and proposed thermal overprint role in the rifting process and flank development remain uncertain. Additionally, the amplitude of different regional tectonic events’ effects on the region is still debatable. Integration of fission-track thermochronology data with modeling of the time-temperature history has demonstrated efficiency in addressing such issues. In the context of this study, eleven representative samples were collected from the different rock units in the Wadi El-Dahal area at the northern tip of the western flank of the Suez Rift. These samples revealed Carboniferous zircon fission-track cooling ages of 353 ± 9 Ma and 344 ± 11 Ma. Meanwhile, the apatite fission-track analysis provided two spatially separated age groups: Permian-Triassic and Late Cretaceous, with average ages of 249 ± 11 Ma and ca. 86 ± 10 Ma, respectively. The time-temperature modeling revealed four possible cooling pulses representing exhumation events, which were initiated as a response to four tectonic activities: the accretion-subsequent event of erosion during the Neoproterozoic, the Hercynian (Variscan) tectonic event during the Devonian-Carboniferous, the Mid-Atlantic opening during the Cretaceous, and the Suez Rift opening during the Oligocene-Miocene. The western flank of the Suez Rift suggests a passive mechanical type with no extra thermal overprint, as indicated by the dominance of older thermochronological ages, modest rift flank elevations, and a reduction in the heat flow.

The Arabian–Nubian Shield envelops the entire regional tectonic history from its formation during the Ediacaran to the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez rifting in the Oligocene–Miocene. The occurrence and extent of the expected successive tectonic events on Sinai basement rocks remain uncertain. Integration of thermochronological techniques with time–temperature modelling has proven to be a powerful tool for thermal-tectonic history reconstruction. Therefore, we collected representative samples from the Arabian–Nubian Shield basement rocks of the Wadi Agar area at the eastern flank of the Suez rift. Zircon fission-track data show two cooling age possibilities of Ediacaran and Devonian ages. Meanwhile, apatite fission-track data represent three cooling age spans of Carboniferous, Triassic, and Cretaceous. The integration of these data with the modelled time–temperature histories reveals four different cooling events synchronous with the regional events; (1) the Neoproterozoic post-accretion erosional event that causes near-surface rock uplift, (2) the Devonian–Carboniferous Hercynian tectonic event which affected the region with rocks exhumation of ca. 4.2 ± 1.4 km, (3) the Triassic Gondwana breakup initiation, and (4) the Oligocene–Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting which caused flanks uplift in the studied region of ca. 1.2 ± 0.4 km. The Gulf of Suez is a passive rift with a dominant mechanical component that is divided into two differently exhumed northern and southern segments, where an additional far-field thermal overprint was restricted to the southern segment.

A vast sequence of quartz-rich sandstone was deposited over North Africa and Arabia during Early Palaeozoic times, in the aftermath of Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny and the amalgamation of Gondwana. This rock sequence forms a relatively thin sheet (1–3 km thick) that was transported over a very gentle slope and deposited over a huge area. The sense of transport indicates unroofing of Gondwana terranes but the exact provenance of the siliciclastic deposit remains unclear. Detrital zircons from Cambrian arkoses that immediately overlie the Neoproterozoic Arabian–Nubian Shield in Israel and Jordan yielded Neoproterozoic U–Pb ages (900–530 Ma), suggesting derivation from a proximal source such as the Arabian–Nubian Shield. A minor fraction of earliest Neoproterozoic and older age zircons was also detected. Upward in the section, the proportion of old zircons increases and reaches a maximum (40%) in the Ordovician strata of Jordan. The major earliest Neoproterozoic and older age groups detected are 0.95–1.1, 1.8–1.9 and 2.65–2.7 Ga, among which the 0.95–1.1 Ga group is ubiquitous and makes up as much as 27% in the Ordovician of Jordan, indicating it is a prominent component of the detrital zircon age spectra of northeast Gondwana. The pattern of zircon ages obtained in the present work reflects progressive blanketing of the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield by Cambrian–Ordovician sediments and an increasing contribution from a more distal source, possibly south of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The significant changes in the zircon age signal reflect many hundreds of kilometres of southward migration of the provenance.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of mineralization exploration in the Egyptian Eastern Desert (ED), one of the most sought-after areas for those interested in mining industry, by integrating Landsat-9 images and geophysical magnetic data. Employing advanced techniques like Principal Component (PC) analysis, Minimum Noise Fraction (MNf) transform, and Band-Ratio (B-Ratio), the research focuses on mapping lithological units, hydrothermal alteration regions, and structural elements. Composite images derived from specific PC, and MNf bands, and B-Ratio exhibit superior lithological unit identification. The findings emphasize that there are significant variations in the types of rocks extend from the southern to the northern parts of the ED. Hydrothermal alteration mapping, guided by B-Ratio results, aids qualitative lithological discrimination. A novel false color composite image optimizes Landsat-9 B-Ratios, enhancing rock unit discrimination. Correlation analyses reveal associations between mineralization types and major lithological units, while exploration of the magnetic anomaly map highlights its role in correlating mineralization sites. Structural features, analyzed through Center for Exploration-Targeting Grid-Analysis (CET-GA) and Center for Exploration-Targeting Porphyry-Analysis (CET-GA) with Tilt Derivative of RTP (TDR) techniques, contribute to a robust association between regions with medium to high structural density and porphyry intrusions and mineralization. The study significantly supports the advanced exploration geoscience, providing insights into the geological structures and dynamics governing mineralization in the Egyptian ED.

The Wadi Shait–Wadi Gemal district, within the Hafafit metamorphic dome of Egypt’s South Eastern Desert, represents a structurally complex segment of the Arabian Nubian Shield where garnet-bearing rocks are difficult to distinguish using conventional mapping. This study addresses this issue by integrating multi-sensor remote sensing (Landsat-9 and ASTER) with detailed field and petrographic investigations. Advanced image processing techniques, including false color composites (FCC), principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), and proposed band ratios (BRs), were applied to enhance lithological discrimination and improve the detection of garnetiferous units. Field and petrographic analyses confirmed three principal garnet-bearing lithologies: garnet–muscovite–biotite schists, psammitic gneisses, and pegmatites. Garnet porphyroblasts were observed within quartz-mica matrices, reflecting a complex metamorphic history involving multiple deformation phases. The integration of remote sensing with petrological data allowed the production of a refined geological map and the precise delineation of garnet-enriched zones. This combined approach proved effective in resolving lithological complexities and significantly improves the understanding of garnet distribution in Precambrian metamorphic terranes.

The transition to continental collision c. 650 Ma induced the bimodal hypsometry of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS), and triggered the formation of voluminous post-amalgamation basins. The intermontane Kareim Basin is a voluminous post-amalgamation depocenter within the ANS. It comprises a thick siliciclastic fill (~ 7 km thick) that accumulated over tens of millions of years during late Neoproterozoic East African orogeny related to the amalgamation of West and East Gondwana. The basin fill consists of four main facies associations (FA1 to FA4) associated with 11 siliciclastic lithofacies and one volcaniclastic lithofacies, which are interpreted as alluvial fan to lacustrine deposits that accumulated under humid to semi-arid conditions. A conglomerate-dominated lithofacies characterizes proximal alluvial fan deposits (FA1), whereas mid to distal alluvial fan strata are represented by braided stream sandstone-dominated lithofacies and conglomerate (FA2–3). Distal fan deposits are composed mainly of sandstone and fine-grained lacustrine sediments (FA4). Tectonically-induced unconformities separate three depositional stages in the Kareim Basin. The lower stage comprises three sandstone-dominant cycles, locally separated by unconformities. The middle stage of the basin represents a stage of syn-depositional tectonic inversion, consistent with the presence of recycled basal boulders derived from the lower stage, and a divergence in the dominant paleo-current directions. Furthermore, thrust faults, tilted and overturned older strata, and the first occurrence of material derived locally from Pan-African volcanic rocks (the Dokhan Volcanic Suite) and basement gneiss domes are additional clues for the syn-depositional tectonic inversion. The upper stage comprises conglomerate-dominant cycles, and represents the transition to post-collisional extension and rapid subsidence. Detrital zircon U–Pb ages constrain the syn-depositional inversion of the basin to later than c. 635 Ma, likely coinciding with the onset of collision between West with East Gondwana.

In this study, we explore thrust system, flower structures and transpressive duplexes in the Zeidun-Kareim belt (ZKB) in the Egyptian Nubian Shield (ENS; northwestern ANS). Filed observations and the measured stretched lineations along thrust planes reveal two main thrusting directions; ESE- (to NE- and NNE-)- and NW- (to WNW-)-directions belonging to two main phases of contraction. The timing of both phases is indirectly constrained. The older ESE- (to NE- and NNE-)-vergent thrusting is attributed to the E-W Gondwana assembly. The younger NW- (to WNW-)-vergent thrusting is akin to the Najd Orogeny. The poles to the in-sequence thrusts lie close to the poles of stretching lineations. The mean orientations of thrust propagation are, respectively, 059° and 309°. Propagation of thrusting along the two main thrusting directions resulted in the formation of a complete geometry of thrust duplex system, imbricate nappe stacking, flower structures and thrust-related folding. The top-to- ESE- (to NE- and NNE-) transpression reflects dextral sense, whereas the top-to- NW- (to WNW-) transpression exhibits sinistral sense, in compatible with those recorded and argued by many authors elsewhere in the ENS and the entire ANS. Our study fully constraints the ZKB spathio-temporal tectonic evolution which involves three main stages.

The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is a complex Neoproterozoic tectonic mosaic whose lithospheric structure and geothermal regime remain poorly constrained. Here, for the first time across the entire ANS, we integrate S-wave tomography, seismic velocity models, lithospheric density from Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite data, and Land Surface Temperature (LST) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery to map crustal and upper mantle architecture. Results show stark lithospheric contrasts: the stable Arabian Platform has thick, cold lithosphere (Moho depth ~ 32.5 km, lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) > 200 km) and low heat flow (40–50 mW/m²), whereas the Arabian Shield and Red Sea rift exhibit thin lithosphere (Moho 25–30 km, LAB 60–120 km) with high heat flow (70–90 mW/m²). These areas display low S-wave velocities (≤ 3920 m/s), reduced mantle density, and high-temperature anomalies indicative of active mantle upwelling and lithospheric thinning. This multi-parametric framework identifies zones of pronounced lithospheric thinning as prime targets for geothermal exploration across the ANS and provides new insight into its Cenozoic geodynamic evolution.

Combined petrographic and geochemical methods are utilized to investigate the provenance, tectonic setting, palaeo-weathering and climatic conditions of the Cambrian Araba clastic sediments of NE Egypt. The ~ 60 m thick Araba Formation consists predominantly of sandstone and mudstone interbedded with conglomerate. Petrographically the Araba sandstones are mostly sub-mature and classified as subarkoses with an average framework composition of Q80F14L6. The framework components are dominated by monocrystalline quartz with subordinate K-feldspar, together with volcanic and granitic rock fragments. XRD analysis demonstrated that clay minerals comprise mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S), illite and smectite, with minor kaolinite. Diagenetic features of the sandstone include mechanical infiltration of clay, mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement of feldspars by carbonate cements and clays. The modal composition and geochemical parameters (e.g. Cr/V, Y/Ni, Th/Co and Cr/Th ratios) of the sandstones and mudstones indicate that they were derived from felsic source rocks, probably from the crystalline basement of the northern fringe of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The study reveals a collisional tectonic setting for the sediments of the Araba Formation. Palaeo-weathering indices such as the chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW) and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) of the clastic sediments suggest that the source area was moderately chemically weathered. On the northern margin of Gondwana, early Palaeozoic weathering occurred under fluctuating climatic conditions.