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This paper aims to demonstrate how Structural Case (SC) is assigned within the Control Embedded Clause (CEC) in Arabic. It illustrates that the partial agreement feature cannot assign case in configurations like verb-subject-object and post-verbal subject order, as they only exhibit number and gender features. This is clear evidence that there is a disassociation between the agreement feature and CEC case assignment. When considering tense, the absence or inadequacy of tense presents a significant obstacle to nominative SC assignment. Despite the expectation for a CEC tense event to coincide with the tense of the matrix clause, the data indicates that this is not the case, as the tense in the embedded clause does not occur at the same time as the matrix clause event. Thus, a genuine tense is not encoded in the control subjunctive clause, unlike in the tensed indicative control embedded clause. Therefore, mood can assign SC in the CEC. The researcher proposes that the existence of the subjunctive verb and the complementizer creates agree relation between v*0 and mood0. This enables the inheritance of features, resulting in the valuation of verb and mood. In this context, moodP is proposed to be selected by Fin0, and an agree relation takes place, resulting in a valued Mood0 by Fin0. The embedded subject and object are assumed to enter agree relation with mood0 and v*0, resulting in the subject and object getting assigned for nominative and accusative cases.

This book explores the relationship between the so-called ventive morpheme in Akkadian ( -am ) and the related suffixes -n and -a in other Semitic languages, including Amarna Canaanite, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic. Using formal reconstructions of the various morphemes and a functional analysis of their different usages, Ambjörn Sjörs convincingly argues that these endings are cognate morphemes that were formally and functionally related to the ventive morpheme in Akkadian. Sjörs provides a systematic description of non-allative ventive verbs in Old Babylonian, the energic and volitive in Amarna Canaanite, the energic and lengthened prefix conjugation in Ugaritic, the lengthened imperfect consecutive in Biblical Hebrew, and the subjunctive and energic in Classical Arabic. Sjörs explains how these verb forms were used within the framework of grammaticalization theory and demonstrates how the suffixes are historically related. Clearly and persuasively argued, Motion, Voice, and Mood in the Semitic Verb sheds valuable light on the Akkadian ventive and its relationship to the other related morphemes. It will be welcomed by linguists specializing in Akkadian, Amarna Canaanite, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic.

This book explores the relationship between the so-called ventive morpheme in Akkadian (-am) and the related suffixes -n and -a in other Semitic languages, including Amarna Canaanite, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic. Using formal reconstructions of the various morphemes and a functional analysis of their different usages, Ambjörn Sjörs convincingly argues that these endings are cognate morphemes that were formally and functionally related to the ventive morpheme in Akkadian.Sjörs provides a systematic description of non-allative ventive verbs in Old Babylonian, the energic and volitive in Amarna Canaanite, the energic and lengthened prefix conjugation in Ugaritic, the lengthened imperfect consecutive in Biblical Hebrew, and the subjunctive and energic in Classical Arabic. Sjörs explains how these verb forms were used within the framework of grammaticalization theory and demonstrates how the suffixes are historically related.Clearly and persuasively argued, Motion, Voice, and Mood in the Semitic Verb sheds valuable light on the Akkadian ventive and its relationship to the other related morphemes. It will be welcomed by linguists specializing in Akkadian, Amarna Canaanite, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic.

The objective of this work is to specify the actual structures of independent and dependent subordinate subjunctive clauses visible with the complementizer ?an ‘that’ at spell out and exclude mandative phrases in Modern Standard Arabic. The problems: There is a confusion to specify the actual structures of such phrases whether they are complementizer phrases [C”s] or tense phrases [T”s]. It is also difficulty to decide whether the phrases constitute arguments to check theta roles or not in the absence of a predicate. The theory: this issue is analyzed with reference to Chomsky's minimalist’s views (1995), Radford's (1988) and Jalabneh (2007, 2011, 2017). The conclusions: The structures are syntactically proved to be [C”s] but not [T”s] whether the complementizer ?an ‘that’ is overt at spell out or covert at PF; [C”s] as syntactic units do not constitute arguments for any predicate; thus; they do not check theta roles in Arabic syntax. The analysis shows also that whether the complementizer? an ‘that’ is overt or covert, its syntactic effect is obvious on the morphology of the internal verb. In other words, it is marked with the subjunctive marker [a] at all levels of syntax.

In The Subjunctive Mood in Arabic Grammatical Thought Arik Sadan outlines the grammatical theories on the naṣb (subjunctive mood) in Classical Arabic. Special attention is given to Sībawayhi and al-Farrāʾ, who represent the Schools of al-Baṣra and al-Kūfa respectively.

The role of input and output in the acquisition of language has been a source of controversy in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. This present study aimed to investigate the relative effects of processing instruction (PI) as a type of input-based instruction and traditional instruction (TI) as a type of output-based instruction. Specifically, this experiment examined whether PI and TI bring about any improvement in comprehension and production of the Arabic subjunctive by beginner-level learners of Arabic. The PI instructional technique was based on the principles of input processing suggested by VanPatten (1993, 2002, 2004). It has three main elements: (a) an explicit explanation of grammar, (b) information on processing strategies, and (c) structured input activities. The study involved second semester students of Arabic and it aimed at assessing the impact of PI and traditional output instruction on the interpretation and production of the Arabic subjunctive on immediate and delayed posttests. One instructional package was developed for the PI group and another package was developed for the TI group. To assess the effects of instruction, a pretest/posttest/delayed posttest procedure with three tests was used. Each test included: 1) interpretation task with sixteen multiple choice items and 2) production task with sixteen sentence-completion items. The results from this study showed that participants who received PI outperformed participants from the TI as measured by Interpretation tasks of the subjunctive. However, the performance of both groups were statistically similar as was measured by the production tasks of the subjunctive. These results supported those of previous research that had compared PI with TI (Benati, 2001, 2005; Cadierno, 1995; VanPatten & Cadierno, 1993a, 1993b; VanPatten & Wong, 2004).

Nearly a century after de Morgan's mission, Rudolf Macuch transcribed this text with the help of his informant Nasser Saburi of Ahväz, Iran, and supplied a translation in his Neumandäische Chrestomathie.2 With the help of my informant, Nasser Sobbi of Rushing, New York, USA, I have prepared a new transcription, using the system I developed for the Neo-Mandaic dialect of Khorramshahr, 3 and a new translation, filling some of the gaps in Macuch's earlier attempt and offering a few variant readings in the process. The vocabulary shows strong Ottoman influence; the names given for the gemstones appear to be derived from Ottoman Turkish - the words zimrut, iaqut, and ìmas call to mind the Turkish forms ziimriit, yakut, and elmas rather than the original Arabic forms zumurrud, yäqüt, and 'almas - and the coins used as legal tender in these transactions are Ottoman gold liras and mejidis.

One of the current problems in the era of translation is that some translators are not familiar with or don’t pay necessity attention to choosing correct syntactic equals in the target language. According to this, the comparison of the syntax structure in two languages, and illustrating the ideas of solutions for translate language structuresfrom sourcetotarget language is very important in comparative Linguistics and translation. One of the most practical structures in Persian and Arabic languages is conditional sentences. The translation of these sentences creates problems, due to the non-compliance between structural elements in two languages. The most problems in conditional sentences are the non-compliance between conditional words in Persian and Arabi languages; this is means that most conditional sentences were expressed with \"اگر\" in Persian language, while more words condition were placed equivalent to it in Arabic language, for example “اگر” is the same in two sentences; “اگر درس بخوانی موفق می‌شوی” and “اگر درس می‌خواندی موفق می‌شدی” (if you learnyou'll be a successful person), but, “اگر” in the first sentence equals “إن” and in the second sentence equals “لو” in Arabic language. Accordingly, this research aimed to survey the structure of the conditional sentences in Persian and Arabic languages, and distinguish the translation of the conditional sentences with “اگر” from Persian to Arabic languages. The previous studies in this case had shown that most of the grammar books and some of lexicons investigate conditional sentences and its words especially “اگر” in Persian language. Some of the most important of these books are “Mabani Elmi Dastour-e Farsi]Scientific FoundationsofPersian grammar[“ by ahmad Shefai and Complete grammar book in Persian language by Bahman Mohtashami, and articles such as “Conditional sentences in Persian language” by Jaqi Vahidian Kamyar, and “’If’ in Golestan” by Mustafa Mogharabi, but except in limited cases there is not independent research on verb tense and real or unreal events in conditional sentences in Persian language and translation of these sentence to Arabic language. The most important results of this research are summarized in the following cases: The Persian possible conditions that have happened in the past include verbs in past continuoustense, and word “اگر” equals “إذا” and “کلما”. In present or future tenses the tense of the verb in the Persian subordinate clause can be absolute past or subjunctive present or predictive present, in this case, conditional words in Arabic language are “إذا” or “إن”. The tense of the verb in the Persian subordinate clause in possible condition that might have happened can be past subjunctive or present perfect. In Arabic language it equals: “کان” + Verb past tense” with word “إن”. In present or future tenses, the tense of the verb in the Persian subordinate clause can be absolute past or subjunctive present or predictive present, in Arabic it equals verb past tense or present or (“کان” + Verb past tense) with word “إن”. The tense of the verb in the Persian subordinate clause in impossible condition can be past continuous verb or past perfect, in this case “اگر” is equivalent to word “لو” in Arabic language. According to possible or impossible condition the word “اگر” is equivalent to words “إن”, “إذا”, “کلما”, “لو”, “لولا”, “لوما” in Arabic language.

The verbal form known as the active participle (= AP) is an integral part of the Mehri verbal system, functioning mainly – but not exclusively – as a future tense.1 Yet despite its frequency, recent synopses of the language have given this form very little attention. For example, in the very important sketch of the Modern South Arabian languages by Johnstone (1975), discussion of the AP is limited to less than one sentence (p. 119). In the very useful set of observations by Lonnet (1994a), the AP receives only a little more consideration, about ten lines. In the more recent outline by Simeone-Senelle (1997), the AP also gets about ten lines. All of this is in contrast to the grammar of Jahn (1905), in which the AP (or future, as Jahn calls it) is treated as a basic verbal tense and is included in all paradigm sets.2