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Miniaturization optimized weapon killing power during the social stress of late pre-contact North America (AD 600-1600)
Before Europeans arrived to Eastern North America, prehistoric, indigenous peoples experienced a number of changes that culminated in the development of sedentary, maize agricultural lifeways of varying complexity. Inherent to these lifeways were several triggers of social stress including population nucleation and increase, intergroup conflict (warfare), and increased territoriality. Here, we examine whether this period of social stress co-varied with deadlier weaponry, specifically, the design of the most commonly found prehistoric archery component in late pre-contact North America: triangular stone arrow tips (TSAT). The examination of modern metal or carbon projectiles, arrows, and arrowheads has demonstrated that smaller arrow tips penetrate deeper into a target than do larger ones. We first experimentally confirm that this relationship applies to arrow tips made from stone hafted onto shafts made from wood. We then statistically assess a large sample (n = 742) of late pre-contact TSAT and show that these specimens are extraordinarily small. Thus, by miniaturizing their arrow tips, prehistoric people in Eastern North America optimized their projectile weaponry for maximum penetration and killing power in warfare and hunting. Finally, we verify that these functional advantages were selected across environmental and cultural boundaries. Thus, while we cannot and should not rule out stochastic, production economizing, or non-adaptive cultural processes as an explanation for TSAT, overall our results are consistent with the hypothesis that broad, socially stressful demographic changes in late pre-contact Eastern North America resulted in the miniaturization-and augmented lethality-of stone tools across the region.
Journal Article
Archery for beginners : the complete guide to shooting recurve and compound bows
Archery for Beginners is the complete instructional guide for anyone interested in recreational archery. The book covers all the essentials for the beginning archer-from basic skills and equipment to effective and safe training methods. There are chapters on both recurve and compound bows, the two most popular bow types, as well as information on how to track your progress. Topics included in this book are: Compound and Recurve bows Archery equipment and accessories Training preparation and safety Advanced shooting methods Fun archery games How to make your own bow With over 150 illustrations and full-color photos, step-by-step instructions, and easy-to-follow directions, Archery for Beginners is the go-to guide for anyone interested in learning archery basics. Be the next to join more than 8 million Americans who enjoy this popular pastime.
Book
Deep Learning Sequence Network for Identifying and Analyzing Archery Shooting Patterns
This study presents a deep learning-based system designed to enhance archery performance by analyzing athletes shooting motions and providing personalized feedback. Video data of four national-level Korean archers were collected between February and May 2024, and 17-joint coordinate data were extracted using pose estimation techniques. The full shooting sequence—from ready position to release—was captured and normalized for consistent analysis. Multiple deep learning sequence models, including RNN, LSTM, GRU, Bi-LSTM, and Bi-GRU, were implemented and evaluated to determine the most effective approach for recognizing distinctive motion patterns of individual archers. The developed system enables objective quantification of motion characteristics, supporting personalized training feedback and performance enhancement. Hyperparameters were optimized using Optuna, and early stopping was applied to prevent overfitting. The system visualized motion consistency and identified joints with high error rates, allowing athletes to recognize and correct deviations in real time. By quantifying individual motion characteristics, the system facilitated the design of personalized training programs, ultimately improving technical performance. This approach offers a novel method for ongoing monitoring and performance evaluation, demonstrating significant potential not only for archery but also for other precision-based sports.
Journal Article