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The grammar of architecture
Approximately 750 illustrations diagram characteristic building details. Covers the history of architecture from east and west, from Ancient Egypt to the Industrial Revolution.
Book
Decoding Theoryspeak
Existentialism; Urbanism; Aporia; Deontic; Tabula Rasa; Hyperspace; Heterotopia; Metareality; Structuralism…
What does it all mean?
The unique language used in architectural theory – both in speech and writing – can appear daunting and confusing, particularly to new architectural students.
Decoding Theoryspeak provides an accessible guide to the specialized language of contemporary design for the next generation of thinkers, architects and design leaders. It includes:
definitions of over 200 terms
clear cross-references
illustrations throughout.
It is an essential pocket-sized resource for students and practitioners alike.
Enn Ots is a practicing architect and teacher with 40 years of theoryspeak experience. Since 1979 he has been an associate professor at the Florida A&M University School of Architecture while maintaining an architectural practice. He conducts design/build workshops, as well as teaching theory and undergraduate design studio. Prior to 1979, he was an architectural researcher and designer in Winnipeg and Toronto, Canada.
List of Contributors. Acknowledgements. Preface. Introduction. Theoryspeak. List of Terms. Further Reading
eBook
The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century
First published in 1997, this volume examines two of Sir Francis Bacon's civil essays, Sir Henry Wotton's The Elements of Architecture and John Harris' Lexicon Technicum parts I and II.
eBook
Archispeak
Widely used in architectural circles in the heat of discussion, the recurrent use of particular words and terms has evolved into a language of design jargon. Commonly found in architectural literature and journalism, in critical design debate and especially in student project reviews, Archispeak can seem insular and perplexing to others and -- particularly to the new architectural student -- often incomprehensible. There is a need to translate architectural design concepts into spoken and written commentary -- each word in use embodying a precise and universally accepted architectural meaning. If we explore the vocabulary of this language we gain insight into good design practice and into collective understanding of what constitutes a refined architecture. This unique illustrated guide will help students understand the nuances of this specialized language and help them in communicating their own design ideas.
'This pocket - sized book is exactly what you need to at least bluff your way through, or even have the confidence to drop in some well - chosen jargon to impress an audience as required.' – Paul Harron, Perspective
Preface. Introduction. Archispeak. Further Reading.
Tom Porter was senior lecturer at the Oxford School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University. Over a twenty-five year period he made annual visits to Florida A&M University in Tallahassee where he taught architectural design. He is author of eighteen books on architectural drawing and environmental colour, including the best selling four volume series Manual of Graphic Techniques. His research into the psychology of colour became the basis of a six-part BBC TV documentary series and the book The Colour Eye.
eBook
A benchmark and comprehensive survey on knowledge graph entity alignment via representation learning
In the last few years, the interest in knowledge bases has grown exponentially in both the research community and the industry due to their essential role in AI applications. Entity alignment is an important task for enriching knowledge bases. This paper provides a comprehensive tutorial-type survey on representative entity alignment techniques that use the new approach of representation learning. We present a framework for capturing the key characteristics of these techniques, propose a benchmark addressing the limitation of existing benchmark datasets, and conduct extensive experiments using our benchmark. The framework gives a clear picture of how various techniques work. The experiments yield important results about the empirical performance of the techniques and how various factors affect the performance. One important observation not stressed by previous work is that techniques making good use of attribute triples and relation predicates as features stand out as winners. We are also the first to investigate the question of how to perform entity alignments on large-scale knowledge graphs such as the full Wikidata and Freebase (in Experiment 5).
Journal Article
Summarizing semantic graphs: a survey
The explosion in the amount of the available RDF data has lead to the need to explore, query and understand such data sources. Due to the complex structure of RDF graphs and their heterogeneity, the exploration and understanding tasks are significantly harder than in relational databases, where the schema can serve as a first step toward understanding the structure. Summarization has been applied to RDF data to facilitate these tasks. Its purpose is to extract concise and meaningful information from RDF knowledge bases, representing their content as faithfully as possible. There is no single concept of RDF summary, and not a single but many approaches to build such summaries; each is better suited for some uses, and each presents specific challenges with respect to its construction. This survey is the first to provide a comprehensive survey of summarization method for semantic RDF graphs. We propose a taxonomy of existing works in this area, including also some closely related works developed prior to the adoption of RDF in the data management community; we present the concepts at the core of each approach and outline their main technical aspects and implementation. We hope the survey will help readers understand this scientifically rich area and identify the most pertinent summarization method for a variety of usage scenarios.
Journal Article
NeuroQuery, comprehensive meta-analysis of human brain mapping
Reaching a global view of brain organization requires assembling evidence on widely different mental processes and mechanisms. The variety of human neuroscience concepts and terminology poses a fundamental challenge to relating brain imaging results across the scientific literature. Existing meta-analysis methods perform statistical tests on sets of publications associated with a particular concept. Thus, large-scale meta-analyses only tackle single terms that occur frequently. We propose a new paradigm, focusing on prediction rather than inference. Our multivariate model predicts the spatial distribution of neurological observations, given text describing an experiment, cognitive process, or disease. This approach handles text of arbitrary length and terms that are too rare for standard meta-analysis. We capture the relationships and neural correlates of 7547 neuroscience terms across 13 459 neuroimaging publications. The resulting meta-analytic tool, neuroquery.org, can ground hypothesis generation and data-analysis priors on a comprehensive view of published findings on the brain.
Journal Article
Entropy as a Measure of Consistency in Software Architecture
In building software architectures, the relations between elements in different diagrams are often overlooked. The first stage of building IT systems is the use of ontology terminology, not software terminology, in the requirements engineering process. Then, when constructing software architecture, IT architects more or less consciously however introduce elements that represent the same classifier on different diagrams with similar names. These connections are called consistency rules and are usually not attached in any way in a modeling tool, and only a significant number of them in the models increase the quality of the software architecture. It is mathematically proved that the application of consistency rules increases the information content of software architecture. Authors show that increasing readability and ordering of software architecture by means of consistency rules have their mathematical rationale. In this article, we found proof of decreasing Shannon entropy while applying consistency rules in the construction of software architecture of IT systems. Therefore, it has been shown that marking selected elements in different diagrams with these same names is, therefore, an implicit way to increase the information content of software architecture while simultaneously improving its orderliness and readability. Moreover, this increase in the quality of the software architecture can be measured by entropy, which allows for checking whether the number of consistency rules is sufficient to compare different architectures, even of different sizes, thanks to entropy normalization, and checking during the development of the software architecture, what is the improvement in its orderliness and readability.
Journal Article
Mapping the Vocabulary of Sustainable Architecture Through Keyword Identification
The integration of sustainability into higher education architectural curricula and student Diploma Projects (DPs) remains limited, necessitating further investigation to improve overall outcomes. This study aims to identify, characterise, and compare existing keyword sources to determine their efficacy in detecting sustainability-related solutions within DPs and to define the characteristics of the most suitable datasets for this purpose. A total of 132 academic, professional, and policy-related Keyword Databases (KDs) were identified and analysed through a multi-stage process. Nine of the best-performing KDs were selected for further development into Keyword Search Lists (KSLs), and their effectiveness in identifying sustainability-related solutions in DPs’ descriptions was tested, confirming the correlation of the results with expert assessments. As a result, a method for identifying, developing, and analysing KSLs was developed, titled Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Architectural Sustainability (MLLAS). This framework provides a practical tool for the large-scale analysis of how sustainable development is linguistically represented within architectural theses, as well as a theoretical basis for understanding the level of sustainability’s incorporation in architectural education. The results indicate that keyword search constitutes an effective identification method within DPs, regardless of KSL size. The future implementation of the MLLAS framework has been proposed.
Journal Article