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"Archives Methodology."
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Manuscripts and archives : comparative views on record-keeping
\"Archives are considered to be collections of administrative, legal, commercial and other records or the actual place where they are located. They have become ubiquitous in the modern world, but emerged not much later than the invention of writing. Following Foucault, who first used the word archive in a metaphorical sense as 'the general system of the formation and transformation of statements' in his 'Archaeology of knowledge' (1969), postmodern theorists have tried to exploit the potential of this concept and initiated the 'archival turn'. In recent years, however, archives have attracted the attention of anthropologists and historians of different denominations regarding them as historical objects and 'grounding' them again in real institutions. The papers in this volume explore the complex topic of the archive in a historical, systematic and comparative context and view it in the broader context of manuscript cultures by addressing questions like how, by whom and for which purpose were archival records produced, and if they differ from literary manuscripts regarding materials, formats, and producers (scribes).\"--Publisher's website
Book
neither pure love nor imitating capitalism
Euro Women’s Independent Label Distribution (WILD) was a pan-European network of feminist music distributors active in the early 1980s. They were affiliated to WILD, the US-based Women’s Music distribution network founded in 1979 to disseminate the growing corpus of Women’s Music emerging from the US Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM). This article presents an interpretation of archive materials that document Euro WILD’s activities from the Women’s Revolutions Per Minute archive, housed at the Women’s Art Library, London. Constrained and enabled by the archive materials on offer, I revisit some of the practical and political problems the network faced as European distributors of US Women’s Music. Key issues explored include the perception of US cultural imperialism by women based in Europe and the affective politics that circulated transnationally between distributors. Finally, this article explores how the concept and practice of the Women’s Music industry changed when women beyond the borders of the US engaged with it.
Journal Article
Big Data, Little Data, No Data
\"Big Data\" is on the covers of Science, Nature , the Economist , and Wired magazines, on the front pages of the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times. But despite the media hyperbole, as Christine Borgman points out in this examination of data and scholarly research, having the right data is usually better than having more data; little data can be just as valuable as big data. In many cases, there are no data -- because relevant data don't exist, cannot be found, or are not available. Moreover, data sharing is difficult, incentives to do so are minimal, and data practices vary widely across disciplines. Borgman, an often-cited authority on scholarly communication, argues that data have no value or meaning in isolation; they exist within a knowledge infrastructure -- an ecology of people, practices, technologies, institutions, material objects, and relationships. After laying out the premises of her investigation -- six \"provocations\" meant to inspire discussion about the uses of data in scholarship -- Borgman offers case studies of data practices in the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities, and then considers the implications of her findings for scholarly practice and research policy. To manage and exploit data over the long term, Borgman argues, requires massive investment in knowledge infrastructures; at stake is the future of scholarship.
eBook
Digital Preservation of “Historical” Archives. A case study of the Documentary Archive of the “disappeared” Museum of Ethnology of Porto
The digitization of inactive archives, commonly referred to as “historical archives,” has emerged as a strategic and fundamental tool for the preservation, accessibility, and safeguarding of cultural heritage at risk of degradation or disappearance. However, despite the digitization process adhering to international guidelines and standards, which are intended to guarantee the efficiency, security, and quality of physical preservation and digital accessibility, the public availability of a detailed methodological manual that standardizes the techniques applied is neglected. This study proposes a clear and replicable methodology for digitizing inactive archives, applied to the case of the Museum of Ethnology of Porto (MEP) (1945–1994), whose remaining documentation was severely affected by the precarious conditions of the building and the successive transfers and reallocations of the collections. The digitization methodologies, the criteria developed, and the logic adopted for the different digital equipment, the tools for exporting formats, applications for image processing, and utilities for automatic metadata extraction and document renaming are described and justified, as well as the final integration into the arquiv@ platform. This methodology — which in itself constitutes an action of documentary safeguarding and preservation — aims to contribute to the dissemination of the memory of the MEP, which, although physically gone, can be (re)constituted through its archive. Additionally, it is also expected that this methodological proposal will serve as a reference for future projects, promoting the standardization of practices and interoperability in the digitization of “historical” archives.
Journal Article
Participatory description: decolonizing descriptive methodologies in archives
By looking at current examples of participatory archives, this paper hopes to introduce and encourage a discussion of participatory description. How does an originating community describe their records? How can the nuances of another language be allowed for in archival description? Archival description helps to create access points for users, but archivists must ask the question, access for whom? This paper seeks to examine the existing state of archival description and to make recommendations for areas in which decolonizing methodologies might be employed to better address the nuances of multicultural, community, and participatory archives. A literature review is provided in order to examine the current state of archival description. As a second step, decolonizing methodologies are discussed and examined in order to establish a method by which description might become more participatory. Finally, some examples of archives in which participatory endeavors have been undertaken are presented, in order to establish models from which other archives can draw inspiration.
Journal Article
The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias: A Meta-Analysis
Fifty-nine methodological studies were designed to estimate the magnitude of nonresponse bias in statistics of interest. These studies use a variety of designs: sampling frames with rich variables, data from administrative records matched to sample case, use of screening-interview data to describe nonrespondents to main interviews, followup of nonrespondents to initial phases of field effort, and measures of behavior intentions to respond to a survey. This permits exploration of which circumstances produce a relationship between nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias and which, do not. The predictors are design features of the surveys, characteristics of the sample, and attributes of the survey statistics computed in the surveys.
Journal Article
A framework for establishing scientific confidence in new approach methodologies
Robust and efficient processes are needed to establish scientific confidence in new approach methodologies (NAMs) if they are to be considered for regulatory applications. NAMs need to be fit for purpose, reliable and, for the assessment of human health effects, provide information relevant to human biology. They must also be independently reviewed and transparently communicated. Ideally, NAM developers should communicate with stakeholders such as regulators and industry to identify the question(s), and specified purpose that the NAM is intended to address, and the context in which it will be used. Assessment of the biological relevance of the NAM should focus on its alignment with human biology, mechanistic understanding, and ability to provide information that leads to health protective decisions, rather than solely comparing NAM-based chemical testing results with those from traditional animal test methods. However, when NAM results are compared to historical animal test results, the variability observed within animal test method results should be used to inform performance benchmarks. Building on previous efforts, this paper proposes a framework comprising five essential elements to establish scientific confidence in NAMs for regulatory use: fitness for purpose, human biological relevance, technical characterization, data integrity and transparency, and independent review. Universal uptake of this framework would facilitate the timely development and use of NAMs by the international community. While this paper focuses on NAMs for assessing human health effects of pesticides and industrial chemicals, many of the suggested elements are expected to apply to other types of chemicals and to ecotoxicological effect assessments.
Journal Article
Unlocking digital archives: cross-disciplinary perspectives on AI and born-digital data
Co-authored by a Computer Scientist and a Digital Humanist, this article examines the challenges faced by cultural heritage institutions in the digital age, which have led to the closure of the vast majority of born-digital archival collections. It focuses particularly on cultural organizations such as libraries, museums and archives, used by historians, literary scholars and other Humanities scholars. Most born-digital records held by cultural organizations are inaccessible due to privacy, copyright, commercial and technical issues. Even when born-digital data are publicly available (as in the case of web archives), users often need to physically travel to repositories such as the British Library or the Bibliothèque Nationale de France to consult web pages. Provided with enough sample data from which to learn and train their models, AI, and more specifically machine learning algorithms, offer the opportunity to improve and ease the access to digital archives by learning to perform complex human tasks. These vary from providing intelligent support for searching the archives to automate tedious and time-consuming tasks. In this article, we focus on sensitivity review as a practical solution to unlock digital archives that would allow archival institutions to make non-sensitive information available. This promise to make archives more accessible does not come free of warnings for potential pitfalls and risks: inherent errors, \"black box\" approaches that make the algorithm inscrutable, and risks related to bias, fake, or partial information. Our central argument is that AI can deliver its promise to make digital archival collections more accessible, but it also creates new challenges - particularly in terms of ethics. In the conclusion, we insist on the importance of fairness, accountability and transparency in the process of making digital archives more accessible.
Journal Article
