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Arctic passages : ice, exploration, and the battle for power at the top of the world
Almost two centuries after British explorer Sir John Franklin and his men died amid paralyzing cold and ice in pursuit of the mythical Northwest Passage, the Arctic--in response to temperatures greater than at any time in the last ten thousand years--is melting at an alarming pace. Instead of heeding this clear sign that the world must reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent runaway warming, countries such as the United States, Russia, China, and Canada are instead racing to control newly ice-free waters and the riches in the seabed below. But by choosing short-term self-interest over cooperative action, they may be condemning the world to an uninhabitable future.
BOOK
Observed trends and climate projections affecting marine ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic
Past trends and future projections of key atmospheric, oceanic, sea ice, and biogeochemical variables were assessed to increase our understanding of climate change impacts on Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems. Four subbasins are evaluated: Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Baffin Bay/Davis Strait, and Hudson Bay Complex. Limited observations, especially for ecosystem variables, compromise the trend analyses. Future projections are predominately from global models with few contributions from available marine basin scale models. The assessment indicates a significant increase in air temperature, slight increases in precipitation and snow depth, and appreciable changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. Projections suggest an increase in storm strength and size, leading to enhanced storm surges and coastal erosion, a slight increase in wave heights, increases in gustiness, and small changes in mean wind speed. An Arctic-wide decrease in the extent of multiyear ice and a spatial and temporal increase in ice-free waters in summer have been observed and are projected to continue into the future. Limited observations of ocean properties show local freshening (Beaufort Sea) and summer warming (Baffin Bay). These trends are projected to continue along with localized strengthening in stratification. Increased ocean acidification has been observed and is projected to continue throughout the Canadian Arctic, leading to severely decreased saturation states of calcium carbonate (aragonite and calcite). Qualitative analysis of biological observations indicate large regional differences. Increased primary production and double bloom development is seen in areas of sea ice retreat where nutrient supply is sufficient, and unchanged or reduced production is seen where nutrients are low or suppressed in response to enhanced stratification. Future primary production projections show inconsistent results, with light-dependent increase or nutrient-limited decrease dominating, dependent on the model. For the next decade, natural intradecadal variability is expected to be of similar importance as longer-term trends. To improve our capacity to assess and project climate change adaptation in marine ecosystems, more consistent observations are needed, especially over marine areas and for biogeochemical variables. Higher resolution basin-scale models are also required to provide locally applicable projections relevant for Arctic communities and management units.
Journal Article
The age of melt : what glaciers, ice mummies, and ancient artifacts teach us about climate, culture, and a future without ice
\"An exploration of ice-patch archaeology and the ... story of how glaciers play a crucial role in human culture.\"--Flap page 1 of dust jacket.
BOOK
Polar cousins : comparing Antarctic and Arctic geostrategic futures
Geopolitics and climate change now have immediate consequences for national and international security interests across the Arctic and Antarctic. The world’s polar regions are contested and strategically central to geopolitical rivalry. At the same time, rapid political, social, and environmental change presents unprecedented challenges for governance, environmental protection, and maritime operations in the regions. With chapters that raise awareness, address challenges, and inform policy options, Polar Cousins reviews the state of strategic thinking and options on Antarctica and the Southern Oceans in light of experience in the circumpolar North. Prioritizing strategic issues, it provides an essential discussion of geostrategic thinking, strategic policy, and strategy development. Featuring contributions from international defence experts, scientists, academics, policymakers, and decisionmakers, Polar Cousins offers key insights into the challenges unique to the polar regions.
eBook
A children's guide to Arctic butterflies
\"There are 20,000 species of butterflies in the world, but only several dozen are found on tundra of the North American Arctic. Many Arctic animals have warm, woolly coats, downy feathers, or thick layers of blubber, and Arctic butterflies appear fragile with their fluttering, delicate wings. Yet the hardy butterflies that live at the top of the world have many clever ways to keep themselves warm in cool summers and endure icy cold winters. In A Children's Guide to Arctic Butterflies, young readers learn about twelve of the butterflies that call the Arctic home, and how they survive on the tundra from one season to the next. With a simple layout and easy-to-follow headings for each butterfly, this beautiful book is filled with fun, useful facts, including introductory material about the life cycle and anatomy of butterflies and how they begin life as caterpillars. Step inside and journey North--you may even spot a familiar fluttering friend. While some of the butterflies found in A Children's Guide to Arctic Butterflies are among the most northern of butterfly species, many can also be found south of the Arctic and in high, cold places around the world.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer
The ability of many species to adapt to the shifting environmental conditions associated with climate change will be a key determinant of their persistence in the coming decades. This is a challenge already faced by species in the Arctic, where rapid environmental change is well underway. Caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) play a key role in Arctic ecosystems and provide irreplaceable socioeconomic value to many northern peoples. Recent decades have seen declines in many Rangifer populations, and there is strong concern that climate change is threatening the viability of this iconic Arctic species. We examine the literature to provide a thorough and full consideration of the many environmental factors that limit caribou and reindeer populations, and how these might be affected by a warming climate. Our review suggests that the response of Rangifer populations to climate change is, and will continue to be, varied in large part to their broad circumpolar distribution. While caribou and reindeer could have some resilience to climate change, current global trends in abundance undermine all but the most precautionary outlooks. Ultimately, the conservation of Rangifer populations will require careful management that considers the local and regional manifestations of climate change.
Journal Article
Into the thaw : witnessing wonder amid the Arctic climate crisis
Forty years ago, the park ranger Jon Waterman took his first journey into the Alaskan Arctic, to the Noatak headwaters. He was astonished by the abundant wildlife, the strange landscape, and its otherworldly light--how the \"frequent rain showers glow like lemonade poured out of the sky.\" Taken with a new sense of wonder, he began to explore the North on several trips in the 1980s. After a 30-year absence from the Noatak, he returned with his son in 2021. Amid a now-flooded river missing the once-plentiful caribou, he was shocked and heartbroken by the changes. The following year, in 2022, he took one final journey \"into the thaw\" to document--for this lushly illustrated and scholarly book--the environmental and cultural changes wrought by the climate crisis.
BOOK
Tracing the Connected Narrative
By the 1850s, journalists and readers alike perceived Britain's search for the Northwest Passage as an ongoing story in the literary sense. Because this 'story' appeared, like so many nineteenth-century novels, in a series of installments in periodicals and reviews, it gained an appeal similar to that of fiction.Tracing the Connected Narrativeexamines written representations of nineteenth-century British expeditions to the Canadian Arctic. It places Arctic narratives in the broader context of the print culture of their time, especially periodical literature, which played an important role in shaping the public's understanding of Arctic exploration.
Janice Cavell uncovers similarities between the presentation of exploration reports in periodicals and the serialized fiction that, she argues, predisposed readers to take an interest in the prolonged quest for the Northwest Passage. Cavell examines the same parallel in relation to the famous disappearance and subsequent search for the Franklin expedition. After the fate of Sir John Franklin had finally been revealed, theIllustrated London Newsprinted a list of earlier articles on the missing expedition, suggesting that the public might wish to re-read them in order to 'trace the connected narrative' of this chapter in the Arctic story. Through extensive research and reference to new archival material, Cavell undertakes this task and, in the process, recaptures and examines the experience of nineteenth-century readers.
eBook
Antarctic resolution
In the era of the Anthropocene, it's urgent to shift our collective attention southward. Antarctica, a continent that accounts for 10% of Planet Earth and 70% of the world?s fresh water, represents at once the repository of planetary data essential to produce reliable climate change projections, and the biggest threat to all coastal sites. On the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica, 'Antarctic Resolution' offers a high-resolution image of the hyper-surveilled yet neglected continent and instigates a decisive resolution towards a supra-national governance model. Advocating for true trans-national and cross-disciplinary collaboration, 'Antarctic Resolution' brings together, for the first time in Antarctic bibliography, international experts and practitioners in the fields of science, architecture, engineering, history, political science, law, anthropology, literature, art and technology. The holistic agenda of Antarctic Resolution, which includes dedicated chapters on the role of science and politics in the continent, culminates in the first 'Declassified Archive of Antarctic Architecture.' Revealing the unique evolution of inhabitation models and architectural typologies in the extreme (from the first Antarctic hut to advanced contemporary structures), the Archive questions the motives that led to an unexpected architectural redundancy on the continent. Developed by UNLESS, a not-for-profit organization which mobilizes architecture as an agency for territorial investigation, Antarctic Resolution juxtaposes academic content with highly visual information. Alongside archival and contemporary photography, the book is dense with drawings, diagrams and cartographies produced by the global network of the Polar Lab. Resisting the temptation of imposing a conclusive narrative, the publication structure offers knowledge in the form of fragments-- flashes that shed light in a continent that lies in the dark for six months each year--Source inconnue.
Book
Comparison of methods for revegetation of vehicle tracks in High Arctic tundra on Svalbard1
Natural regeneration after anthropogenic disturbance is slow in the tundra biome, but assisted regeneration can help speed up this process. A tracked off-road vehicle damaged a High Arctic dwarf shrub heath in Svalbard in May 2009, drastically reducing the vegetation cover, soil seed banks, and incoming seed rain. We assisted regeneration the following year using six different revegetation treatments and monitored their effects one month, and one and eight years after their application. By 2018, all treatments still had lower vegetation cover and limited species composition than the undamaged reference vegetation. The fertiliser treatment was the most effective in restoring vegetation cover (71% vegetation cover, of which 62% were bryophytes and 38% were vascular plant species). Compared to the reference plots (98% vegetation cover, of which 32% were bryophytes and 66% were vascular plant species), the composition of the disturbed vegetation was still far from regenerated to its original state nine years after the tracks were made. The slow regrowth demonstrated in this study underlines the importance of avoiding the disturbance of fragile tundra and implementing and upholding regulations that restrict or ban such disturbances.
Journal Article