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"Arenas Security measures."
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Security and sport mega events : a complex relation
Sport competitions at the national, European and global levels have evolved in terms of economic investment, social importance and media coverage. However, this evolution has brought with it major political concerns. There is a need of construction of an environment of life where sport events and the multiple activities and interests related to them can be kept safe from any risk and potentially harmful occurrence. The aim of this volume is to highlight the complex set of legal provisions, surveillance and policing practices, discourses, bureaucratic procedures and spatial and architectural forms underpin the security governance of sport events and their effects in the contemporary era of widespread uncertainty.
BOOK
Impact analysis of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) regarding road safety – computing reduction potentials
In the present study road safety impact analysis for certain advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) was conducted. Based on a literature review, expert interviews and current adaptations in legislation, the most promising nine ADAS were selected. The impact was analysed based on statistical crash data from Austria. Factors such as infrastructure and weather conditions, market penetration, expected functionality of sensors, user acceptance and risk homeostasis were considered. A software tool was developed to calculate the crash reduction potential of the selected ADAS for the scenarios 2025, 2030 and 2040.
The results show that the ADAS related to warning/braking have the greatest future reduction potential and could lead to a reduction of up to 8,700 crashes and 70 fatalities in Austria in 2040. In addition, the Intelligent Speed Assistance system would lead to an overall crash reduction of 8% compared to current crash numbers in Austria in 2040. The Turning Assistant for heavy goods vehicles shows the lowest reduction in crashes and casualties, but due to the highest severity per crash (93 fatalities per 1,000 crashes), it nevertheless provides an important contribution to the reduction of fatalities in road traffic.
However, to benefit from the ADAS safety potential, it is highly relevant that these systems are used in a correct manner. In the future, it will be necessary to provide users with more information on the correct use, benefits and limitations of the respective ADAS and to integrate the use of these systems into driver education procedures and tests.
Journal Article
Modelling interrelations between C-ITS impact categories: a system-dynamics approach using causal loop diagrams
The growing number of connected vehicles has led to an increased focus on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication in the field of transport research. This communication paradigm facilitates cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure to address traffic challenges such as efficiency, sustainability and safety. The development and standardisation of such Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) has been pursued in several projects. Beyond technical considerations, assessing the effect of these applications in terms of various impact categories is of paramount importance. However, existing research tends to examine impact categories such as efficiency, sustainability, safety, psychological or socioeconomic impacts separately, often overlooking potential interactions and interdependencies. This approach is inadequate as impacts on one category can have both cascading effects on others and rebound effects. To address this gap, this paper proposes a system dynamics approach using Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD) to illustrate the interconnectedness of impact categories and the potential impacts of C-ITS services. By depicting general relationships, interdependencies and feedback loops between impact category elements, the model accommodates the introduction of single or multiple C-ITS services as separate modules, allowing an analysis of their combined effects on the overall system. To this end, two use cases demonstrate the applicability of the developed CLD and illustrate some of the multiple interrelations between the effects of C-ITS services. The results of this paper support road operators and researchers when setting up the impact assessment of C-ITS services by revealing the dynamic and intertwined nature of different impact categories.
Journal Article
The HADRIAN novel human–machine interface prototype for automated driving: safety and impact assessment
The current paper was performed within the HADRIAN project and focuses on exploring the effects of innovative Human–Machine Interface (HMI) prototypes on safety, driving performance, and driver perceptions. Employing driving simulator experiments and questionnaires, this study investigates whether HADRIAN innovative HMI enhances safety and receives positive evaluations from drivers. Specifically, the research centers on a driving simulator experiment that evaluates novel HMI prototypes designed to improve automated driving at SAE Levels 2 or 3. To facilitate HMI assessment, a tailored safety and impact assessment methodology was developed using unique Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). To benchmark and generate a total score for the HADRIAN HMI, data envelopment analysis was deployed based on the aforementioned KPIs. The findings shed light on the influence of HADRIAN HMI innovations on safety and perceived impact when compared to a baseline “state-of-the-art” HMI. Subsequently, a comprehensive discussion unfolds, highlighting the key KPIs that contributed significantly to the safety and perceived impact scores. This method and its outcomes can serve as a valuable resource for other HMI stakeholders, enabling them to employ similar human-centered assessment methodologies to assess the safety and perceived impact of potential HMI configurations.
Journal Article
Safety evaluation via conflict classification during automated shuttle bus service operations
The widespread adoption of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) is being propelled, not only in the realm of private vehicles but also within transit systems. This development serves to enhance urban transport activities, rendering transportation more appealing to passengers. The present study aims to identify and examine the safety effects of testing different operational speed shuttle bus services in various future mobility conditions. To investigate impacts of autonomous shuttle bus services and to further examine their operational speed, the microscopic simulation method was performed. Specifically, four sets of simulation scenarios were comprised: a baseline scenario representing the current conditions and three operational speed scenarios (15 km/h, 30 km/h and 45 km/h) for an autonomous shuttle service. Each one of these sets included eleven CAV market penetration rates (MPRs) of CAVs of the general traffic (ranging from 0 to 100% in 10% increments). By analyzing the trajectory data extracted from microsimulation, traffic conflicts were identified and further analyzed by developing Mixed-Effects Multinomial Logit Regression models (ME-MLMs) in order to associate conflict type taking into account network characteristics as well as traffic conditions. Several aspects were determined as statistical significant parameters influencing type of conflict. The analysis yielded several significant findings that provide quantitative measurements and assessments of the effects observed, enabling a better understanding of the safety implications associated with the widespread adoption of automated services.
Journal Article
Long-term performance of an in situ \iron wall\ for remediation of VOCs
The use of granular iron for in situ degradation of dissolved chlorinated organic compounds is rapidly gaining acceptance as a cost-effective technology for ground water remediation. This paper describes the first field demonstration of the technology, and is of particular importance since it provides the longest available record of performance (five years). A mixture of 22% granular iron and 78% sand was installed as a permeable \"wall\" across the path of a contaminant plume at Canadian Forces Base, Borden, Ontario. The major contaminants were trichloroethene (TCE, 268 mg/L) and tetrachloroethene (PCE, 58 mg/L). Approximately 90% of the TCE and 86% of the PCE were removed by reductive dechlorination within the wall, with no measurable decrease in performance over the five year duration of the test. Though about 1% of the influent TCE and PCE appeared as dichloroethene isomers as a consequence of the dechlorination of TCE and PCE, these also degraded within the iron-sand mixture. Performance of the field installation was reasonably consistent with the results of laboratory column studies conducted to simulate the field behavior. However, if a more reactive iron material, or a higher percentage of iron had been used, complete removal of the chlorinated compounds might have been achieved. Changes in water chemistry indicated that calcium carbonate was precipitating within the reactive material; however, the trace amount of precipitate detected in core samples collected four years after installation of the wall suggest that the observed performance should persist for at least another five years. The study provides strong evidence that in situ use of granular iron could provide a long-term, low-maintenance cost solution for many ground water contamination problems
Journal Article
Exitus: Agent-Based Evacuation Simulation for Individuals with Disabilities in a Densely Populated Sports Arena
Emergency evacuation of critical infrastructure assets such as sports arenas is an important consideration given the continuing threat of terrorist attacks which inordinately affect them. In this paper, the authors present an agent-based evacuation model which may be used to support private sector organizations with capabilities-based planning efforts surrounding likely terrorist attack scenarios. The model is distinguished by its explicit consideration of individuals with disabilities in respect to the characteristics influencing their ability to negotiate surroundings. The results of an experiment simulating the truck bombing of an intermountain west sports arena reveal special areas of concern for arena managers and identify those who are most at risk or individuals with lower stamina. Ultimately, the model can be used to inform policymakers of more effective, evidence-based evacuation planning methods based on a better understanding of the behavior of heterogeneous populations during emergency situations.
Journal Article
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning at an Indoor Ice Arena and Bingo Hall — Seattle, 1996
On March 16, 1996, paramedics and fire department personnel were requested to evaluate complaints of illness among persons exposed to exhaust fumes in an indoor ice skating facility in Seattle. Indoor-air measurements detected elevated levels of carbon monoxide (CO), prompting evacuation of the building. An investigation of the cluster of CO poisonings related to the exposure was conducted March 16-18, by a pulmonary and hyperbaric medicine physician who treated one of the ill persons. This report summarizes the investigation findings, which underscore the importance of adequate maintenance of machinery equipped with internal combustion engines that are operated at indoor ice arenas and of proper ventilation of such arenas.
Journal Article
No compliance, no O-licence
\"POOR COMPLIANCE means no O-licence\" was the message at the RHA Compliance Conference, which took place at the Ricoh Arena, Coventry, on 9 September. The trade association's chief executive Richard Burnett told delegates: \"Compliance can be tough. But if you don't deliver it, you have no O-licence, you have no business. It's as simple as that.\"
Magazine Article