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Dieser Beitrag zeichnet wesentliche Veränderungen der globalen Ordnungsbildung hinsichtlich der Rolle des Individuums nach. Der Beitrag beobachtet in diesem Kontext eine gesteigerte politische Bedeutung des Individuums – einer Hinwendung zum Subjekt – und identifiziert, inwieweit sich hieraus substantielle Folgen für Dynamiken globaler Ordnungsbildung ergeben. Mithilfe der Einführung der Theorieperspektive einer globalen historischen Soziologie politischer Ordnungsbildung zeigt der Beitrag auf, dass beginnend im 19. und insbesondere im 20. Jahrhundert in der internationalen Ordnung ein erheblicher Bedeutungszuwachs zugunsten des Individuums erfolgte. Ausgehend von der Globalisierung der Idee der universellen Gleichheit aller Menschen und der darauf aufbauenden globalen Verbreitung der Idee des Individuums als ein mit speziellen universellen Rechten ausgestattetes Subjekt, transformierte sich das Verständnis legitimer und legitimierter Akteursschaft in der Weltpolitik. Das Individuum tritt nicht mehr nur als Adressat von politischen Entscheidungen in Erscheinung. Vielmehr wird es zum ermächtigten Subjekt, welches legitime Akteursschaft in der Weltpolitik für sich beanspruchen kann und auf diese Weise die Möglichkeit erhält, aktiv auf die weltpolitische Ordnungsbildung einzuwirken. Dies geschieht insbesondere über den Weg des (internationalen) Rechtssystems. Illustriert wird die vorliegende Argumentation unter Verweis auf die Rolle des Individuums in den Feldern der Sicherheitspolitik und des Klimaschutzes. This contribution traces crucial transformations of global ordering in terms of the role of the individual. In this context, the contribution observes an increased political importance of the individual – a turn to the subject – and identifies how this results in consequences for dynamics of global ordering. By introducing the theoretical perspective of a global historical sociology of political ordering, this contribution shows that beginning in the 19th and especially during the 20th century, there has been a considerable increase of the importance of the individual. Starting with the globalization of the idea of universal equality of all human beings and the subsequent global spread of the idea of the individual as a carrier of specific universal rights, there has been a transformation of legitimate and legitimized actorhood in world politics. As a result, the individual is not only a recipient of political decisions. Crucially, especially by turning to the (international) legal system, it becomes an empowered subject which can claim legitimate actorhood in world politics for itself. Thereby, the individual is able to actively influence dynamics of global political ordering. The present line of argument will be illustrated by references to the fields of security policy and climate protection.

Zusammenfassung: Strukturmerkmale phrasenhafter Kommunikation finden sich nicht nur im Sprechen, sondern auch im Bilderzeigen und -machen. Solch phrasenhafte Formen des Bildgebrauchs - oder kurz: visuelle Idiome - stehen im Mittelpunkt des vorliegenden Aufsatzes. Für die sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Forschung bedeuten phrasenhafte Formen des Bildgebrauchs zweierlei: Zum einen erlangen Bilder als eine Datenform Relevanz, durch die gesellschaftliche Repertoires bildsprachlichen Ausdrucks- und Darstellungsvermógens analytisch zugänglich werden. Zum anderen werden durch geeignete Analysen Einblicke in die Genese und die Strukturen intersubjektiv geteilter Bild- und Sehwelten móglich. Dies aber setzt 1. eine begrifflich-konzeptionelle Klárung der Struktureigenschaften visueller Idiome voraus sowie 2. methodologische Schlussfolgerungen als Voraussetzung für eine gegenstandsadaquate Analytik. Diesem Desiderat ist der vorliegende Aufsatz gewidmet. Das fiir die Argumentation instruktive Konzept des Idioms sowie Grundprinzipien für eine idiomatische Analyse von Bilddatenkorpora werden bei GOFFMAN (1981 [1971]; 1982 [1971]) aufgegriffen und in Hinblick auf zeitgenössische Formen technologisierter sozialer Kommunikation weiterentwickelt und exemplifiziert. Angestrebt wird eine Begriffsbildung, die Analysen der medialen Vielfalt, der sozialkommunikativen Gebrauchsbedeutung und der Genese unterschiedlicher visueller Idiome bzw. Idiomatiken erlaubt.

Randomness and fuzziness of argumentation have attracted the interest of many researchers. However, though each of these two properties is discussed in the past, seldom literature considers both of them. The purpose of this paper aims to explore semantics of the argumentation frameworks with these two attributes at the same time. Firstly, we introduce probabilistic-fuzzy matrices to describe the arguments with randomness and fuzziness, and define the mathematical form of the probabilistic-fuzzy argumentation frameworks. In these frameworks, an argument has finite fuzzy states and each fuzzy state has a probability. This provides a mathematical foundation for the follow-up work. Then, we introduce a method of modifying the probabilities of the fuzzy states, which proposes a feasible way to revise the probabilities. Formally, it is the revision of the probabilistic-fuzzy matrices of arguments. Finally, based on this process, we set up an extension semantics system for probabilistic-fuzzy frameworks. The semantics enriches the theory of argumentation, and propose a way to check the probabilities.

This article presents a critical analysis of the main modern approaches to the problem of meta-argumentation and suggests a method for developing a general conception of meta-argumentation. A set of theoretical-methodological difficulties (aporias) along this path is revealed. Overcoming these aporias would constitute the main steps toward developing the body of a theory of meta-argumentation.

In epic and later literature, Helen is a consummate performer of tales and songs. This is an aspect that informs Helen's defence speech in Euripides' Trojan Women, in which she manipulates to her advantage a poetic tradition that was largely hostile to her. It is thanks to her skilful appropriation of poet's tales that Helen, the supreme performer, albeit starting from a disadvantageous position, manages to carry the day in the debate against her Opponent Hecuba and her sophistically informed rationalistic argumentation.

This paper introduces a multi-agent dynamic epistemic logic for abstract argumentation. Its main motivation is to build a general framework for modelling the dynamics of a debate, which entails reasoning about goals, beliefs, as well as policies of communication and information update by the participants. After locating our proposal and introducing the relevant tools from abstract argumentation, we proceed to build a three-tiered logical approach. At the first level, we use the language of propositional logic to encode states of a multi-agent debate. This language allows to specify which arguments any agent is aware of, as well as their subjective justification status. We then extend our language and semantics to that of epistemic logic, in order to model individuals’beliefs about the state of the debate, which includes uncertainty about the information available to others. As a third step, we introduce a framework of dynamic epistemic logic and its semantics, which is essentially based on so-called event models with factual change. We provide completeness results for a number of systems and show how existing formalisms for argumentation dynamics and unquantified uncertainty can be reduced to their semantics. The resulting framework allows reasoning about subtle epistemic and argumentative updates—such as the effects of different levels of trust in a source—and more in general about the epistemic dimensions of strategic communication.

Purpose>The purpose of this paper is to investigate practices of argumentation on Twitter discussions about climate change.Design/methodology/approach>Conversational threads were collected from the Twitter API. Fundamental concepts from argumentation theory and linking practices were operationalised through a coding schema for content analysis. Tweets were analysed in the context of the discussions and coded according to their argumentative approach, interaction type and argumentation stage. Linked and embedded sources were analysed in order to find how they were used in arguments, the plausibility and soundness of the message, the consistency and trustworthiness of the linked source and its adequacy with the target audience.Findings>Among the interactions between arguers, this study found five typical practices and several patterns involving the dynamics of the conversations, the strategy of the argumentation and the linking practices. Although the rhetorical approach was prominent, the agreement was rarely achieved. The arguers used a variety of sources to justify or support their positions, often embedding non-textual content. These linking practices, together with the strategy adopted and the topics discussed, suggest the involvement of a multiple audience engaged in discussing ad lib scientific artefacts, topics and outputs.Originality/value>While Twitter has been the focus for many research papers, the conversational threads have been given little attention so far. With the Twitter API making conversations more accessible for research, this paper does not only give insight into multiple audience group argumentation dynamics but also provides a method to study the conversations from an argumentation theory perspective.

Can argumentation schemes play a part in the critical processing of argumentation by lay people? In a qualitative study, participants were invited to come up with strong and weak arguments for a given claim and were subsequently interviewed for why they thought the strong argument was stronger than the weak one. Next, they were presented with a list of arguments and asked to rank these arguments from strongest to weakest, upon which they were asked to motivate their judgments in an interview. In order to assess whether lay people apply argument scheme specific criteria when performing these tasks, five different argumentation schemes were included in this study: argumentation from authority, from example, from analogy, from cause to effect, and from consequences. Laypeople’s use of criteria for argument quality was inferred from interview protocols. The results revealed that participants combined general criteria from informal logic (such as relevance and acceptability) and scheme-specific criteria (such as expertise for argumentation from authority, similarity for argumentation from analogy, effectiveness for argumentation from consequences). The results supported the conventional validity of the pragma-dialectical argument scheme rule in a strong sense and provided a more fine-grained view of central processing in the Elaboration Likelihood Model.

Letzteres war eine sinnvolle Entscheidung, denn die ökonomischen Fak- toren mit hineinzupacken, hätte den Ansatz des Buches verwässert. Insgesamt hat Yuliya von Saal eine auf breiter Quellengrundlage und in der stringenten Argumentation rundum überzeugende Untersuchung vorgelegt, die nicht nur für Sowjetunionspezialisten interessant ist und zu Recht in der gut sichtbaren Reihe des Münchner Instituts für Zeitgeschichte erschienen ist. Auch sprachlich-stilistisch bewegte sich der Text auf einem hohen Niveau und ist durchgängig gut verständlich und flüssig lesbar.