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Cage armour systems have been in use since the 1960s and are still being used extensively on many armoured vehicles up to this day to offer protection against mainly a number of RPG-7 shaped charge warheads. Nevertheless, many misunderstandings still exist up to this day as well as regarding their working principle as regarding their actual efficiency. This article will start by exploring the origins of the current cage armour systems and by explaining the working principle behind them. This will be followed by the development of a methodology to calculate the efficiency of different types of cage armour systems (slat, bar, net and inertial distributed weight systems) as a function of impact conditions for a specific RPG-7 shaped charge warhead. The results of the developed methodology will be compared to experimental results for four different cage armour systems, in order to validate the followed approach. It will then be applied to different cage armour systems in order to calculate their overall ballistic and mass efficiency as a function of the impact angle. The analysis will finally be refined taking into account the likely impact conditions for an RPG-7 shaped charge warhead, based on a simple trajectory model.

The armour of the personage depicted on the capital from Bisotun, exhibited in Ṭāq-e Bostān, has been an object of the research already several times with no definite setting in typology of arms and armour and allocation in historical trends. The article attempts to fill this gap. The article defines the helmet as lamellar/laminar type with the splints with ornately incised edges and central splint over the personage’s nose. The top of the dome is crowned by the decorative, solid finial to which a korymbos is attached. This relates the helmet to the lamellar helmets from Xinjiang and Tang Dynasty China rather than to [?] earlier Kushan lamellar helmets and related Eurasian types, characterised by a flat, round sheet at the top of the dome, usually a sheet over the face, often with a nasal and the laminae running overlapping around the dome, without the central lamina over the face and other laminae spreading to its sides. The body armour can be described as a cuirass made of metallic stripes riveted to each other and placed horizon-tally, with the central, vertical stripe in front. The type is derived from Parthian predecessors with plausible earlier, Achaemenid and Hellenistic sources. The cuirass with frontal opening was a dominant type of construction among the Sasanian armours. The direct relation was evidenced with Korean and Japanese cuirasses of 3rd and 4th centuries (later replaced by lamellar coats) and Eurasian, mainly Xinjiang types.

This paper is investigating the use of composite armour reinforced by nanomaterials, for the protection of light armoured (LAV) and medium armoured military vehicles (MAV), and the interaction between the composite materials and high-performance ballistic projectiles. Four armour materials, consisted of front hybrid fibre reinforced polymer cover layer, ceramic strike-face, fibre reinforced polymer intermediate layer and the metal matrix composite reinforced backplate, were manufactured and assembled by adhesive technology. The proposed laminated protection system is suitable for armoured ground vehicles; however, it could be used as armour on ground, air and naval platforms. The design of the protection system, including material selection and thickness, was elaborated depending on the performance requirements of Level 4 ＋ STANAG 4569 military standard (projectile 14.5 mm × 114 mm API B32) and especially on a design philosophy which is analysed with the specifications. The backplate of this new composite is a hybrid material of Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), manufactured with the use of powder metallurgy technique. The composite backplate material was morphologically, mechanically and chemically analysed. Results show that all plates are presenting high mechanical properties and ballistic characteristics, compared to commonly used armour plates. Real military ballistic tests according to AEP - STANAG 4569 were carried out for the total composite armour systems. After the ballistic tests, AA2024-CNT3 showed the best protection results, compared with the other plates (AA2024-CNT1 and AA2024-CNT2), with the projectile being unable to fully penetrate the composite plate.

In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released the report Warfighter Support: Independent Expert Assessment of Army Body Armor Test Results and Procedures Needed Before Fielding, which commented on the conduct of the test procedures governing acceptance of body armor vest-plate inserts worn by military service members. This GAO report, as well as other observations, led the Department of Defense Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences conduct a three-phase study to investigate issues related to the testing of body armor materials for use by the U.S. Army and other military departments. Phase I and II resulted in two NRC letter reports: one in 2009 and one in 2010. This report is Phase III in the study. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III provides a roadmap to reduce the variability of clay processes and shows how to migrate from clay to future solutions, as well as considers the use of statistics to permit a more scientific determination of sample sizes to be used in body armor testing. This report also develops ideas for revising or replacing the Prather study methodology, as well as reviews comments on methodologies and technical approaches to military helmet testing. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III also considers the possibility of combining various national body armor testing standards.

Protection creates a shift in the internal paradigm of the soldier and leads to multiplied psychological stamina for moving fearlessly in the battlefield which generates a major force-multiplier effect. Hence, the mechanized forces are still likely to be one of the dominant forces on the futuristic battlefield and would be the primary target of enemy forces capable of engaging from tank guns up to 4-5 km in a direct fire mode and up to 8-10 km in an indirect fire modes. Increased protection is possible only using advanced armour technology. Throughout the history of warfare, materials technologies have had a significant impact on land-combat force capabilities. Armour materials have progressed through improvements in metallic systems and development of advanced, lightweight (low areal density) composite materials. The advancements in ceramic systems have further improved the performance. Similarly, the advances in development of explosive reactive armour has generated efficient armour system against all contemporary high explosive antitank (HEAT) ammunition and missile threats for armoured vehicles. Yet, to achieve armour performance exceeding that of the current light combat vehicles and main battle tanks for new vehicular systems, weighing significantly less than the present combat vehicles, advances in new armour materials, systems, and survivability technologies are required. This paper describes various approaches and advancements in the metallic, ceramic, and composite armour materials and new dynamic armour systems that are essential to improve the survivability of armoured vehicles in the futurisitic multi-spectral battlefied scenarios.

Aquino, C.J.P. and De Leon, M.P., 2024. Preliminary investigation on the effects of sea-level rise on the wave overtopping performance and armour stability of an existing breakwater. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 210-214. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented a new set of sea-level rise projections. In the Philippines, the sea level trend ranges from 1.28 to 13.13 mm/year considering long-term observations of 19 years or beyond. Because of these alarming projections, the effects of sea level rise may exceed the initial design expectations of our coastal infrastructures. This study aims to determine the impact of sea level rise on the wave overtopping performance and armour stability of an existing breakwater located at the Manila South Harbor, Manila Bay, Philippines. The main parts of the methodology include extensive data collection from global and local credible sources, hydrodynamic (numerical) modelling using MIKE 21 Coupled Hydrodynamic and Spectral Wave model, application of sea level rise projections to the resulting water levels, and evaluation of the existing breakwater through empirical calculations. The results of the wave modelling revealed that a maximum storm surge level of 1.13m (referenced from MSL) is expected. This would result to a maximum design water level of 2.85m MLLW for SSP5-8.5(LC) sea level rise scenario. A maximum overtopping of roughly 1684.36 l/s/m was calculated. This excessive overtopping was primary due to the existing low crest level of +3.0m MLLW. For armour stability, only three breakwater sections (Sta 0+400, Sta0+600, and Sta0+630) were not able to satisfy the criteria. An increase of 50.70% rock armour weight is required to satisfy the design criteria under the most critical sea level scenario of SSP5-8.5 (LC).

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We evaluate an adaptive optimisation methodology, Bayesian optimisation (BO), for designing a minimum weight explosive reactive armour (ERA) for protection against a surrogate medium calibre kinetic energy (KE) long rod projectile and surrogate shaped charge (SC) warhead. We perform the optimisation using a conventional BO methodology and compare it with a conventional trial-and-error approach from a human expert. A third approach, utilising a novel human-machine teaming framework for BO is also evaluated. Data for the optimisation is generated using numerical simulations that are demonstrated to provide reasonable qualitative agreement with reference experiments. The human-machine teaming methodology is shown to identify the optimum ERA design in the fewest number of evaluations, outperforming both the stand-alone human and stand-alone BO methodologies. From a design space of almost 1800 configurations the human-machine teaming approach identifies the minimum weight ERA design in 10 samples.