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Measuring poverty around the world
\"In this, his final book, economist Anthony Atkinson, one of the world's great social scientists and a pioneer in the study of poverty and inequality, offers an inspiring analysis of a central question: What is poverty and how much of it is there around the globe? The persistence of poverty--in rich and poor countries alike--is one of the most serious problems facing humanity. Better measurement of poverty is essential for raising awareness, motivating action, designing good policy, gauging progress, and holding political leaders accountable for meeting targets. To help make this possible, Atkinson provides a critically important examination of how poverty is--and should be--measured. Bringing together evidence about the nature and extent of poverty across the world and including case studies of sixty countries, Atkinson addresses both financial poverty and other indicators of deprivation. He starts from first principles about the meaning of poverty, translates these into concrete measures, and analyzes the data to which the measures can be applied. Crucially, he integrates international organizations' measurements of poverty with countries' own national analyses. Atkinson died before he was able to complete the book, but at his request it was edited for publication by two of his colleagues, John Micklewright and Andrea Brandolini. In addition, François Bourguignon and Nicholas Stern provide afterwords that address key issues from the unfinished chapters: how poverty relates to growth, inequality, and climate change. The result is an essential contribution to efforts to alleviate poverty around the world.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Understanding lifestyle migration : theoretical approaches to migration and the quest for a better way of life
Understanding Lifestyle Migration contributes to the wider turn towards understanding migration through the lens of social theory. It is the first volume to question how lifestyle migration and related phenomena can be understood contributing to this rapidly expanding field of research, and moving beyond definitional considerations to engage deeper understandings of such migrations. It thus aims to set a new and challenging research agenda that brings together researchers from a range of disciplines and geographical locations working on related forms of migration. The chapters engage theoretically with themes and debates relevant to contemporary social science such as place and space, social stratification and power relations, production and consumption, individualism, dwelling, imagination and representations, and community attachments and belonging.
Book
Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China
Regardless of the poverty line used, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction are historically unprecedented. Over the past 40 years, the number of people in China with incomes below US$1.90 per day—the international poverty line as defined by the World Bank to track global extreme poverty—has fallen by close to 800 million, accounting for almost three-quarters of the global reduction in extreme poverty. In 2021, China declared that it had eradicated extreme poverty according to its national poverty threshold, and that it had built a “moderately prosperous society in all respects.” However, a significant number of people remain vulnerable, with incomes below a threshold more typically used to define poverty in upper-middle-income countries. China has set a new goal of approaching common prosperity by 2035, which can help keep the policy focus on the vulnerable population. Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead explores the key drivers of China's poverty alleviation achievements and considers the lessons of China's experience for other developing countries. The report also makes suggestions for China's future policies. China's approach to poverty reduction was based on two pillars. The first aimed for broad-based economic transformation to open new economic opportunities and raise average incomes. The second was the recognition that targeted support was needed to alleviate persistent poverty; this support was initially provided to disadvantaged areas and later to individual households. The success of China's economic development and the associated reduction of poverty also benefited from effective governance, which helped coordinate multiple government agencies and induce cooperation from nongovernment stakeholders. To illustrate the role of broad-based economic transformation for poverty alleviation, separate sections of the report analyze growing agricultural productivity, incremental industrialization, managed urbanization and rural-to-urban migration, and the role of infrastructure
Book
Living with transition in Laos : market integration in Southeast Asia
\"A node of poverty lying at the geographical core of the world's most dynamic region, Laos is being progressively drawn into the wider Greater Mekong sub-region. The spatial, market and mental integration of the population of Laos is advancing as boundaries become more permeable, mobility rises and, more generally, as people are drawn into the mainstream. Drawing on original field work and unpublished reports, and taking an individual and household viewpoint, the book examines and assesses the effects of these transitions on poverty, inequality and livelihoods.\"--BOOK JACKET.
Book
Rural-Urban Differences in Poverty: An Analysis of Pennsylvania Counties
This study examines the determinants of poverty in rural and urban Pennsylvania counties. Economic and demographic characteristics are evaluated in their relation to the poverty rate using panel data from 2000 to 2019 for the 67 Pennsylvania counties. A two-way fixed effects model is estimated to account for unobserved county-specific and time-specific heterogeneity. The results indicate that there are rural-urban differences in the impacts of explanatory variables. In rural Pennsylvania counties, economic factors have significant effects on the poverty rate. The percentage of employment in manufacturing and construction are negatively related to the poverty rate, while the percentage of renters and employment in agriculture are positively related. In contrast, only the percentage of female-headed households has a positive, statistically significant impact in urban counties. Oaxaca (1973) decomposition indicates that structural characteristics in rural counties help mitigate their poverty rates. The results suggest that different policies must be implemented in urban and rural counties to alleviate poverty.
Journal Article
Informality and multidimensional child poverty: evidence from urban and rural Indonesia
Despite growing attention to child poverty in developing countries, limited empirical evidence exists on how household labor informality contributes to multidimensional child poverty in Indonesia. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between employment status and child deprivation using nationally representative data from the 2022 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). Multidimensional child poverty is measured through seven deprivation indicators following the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis framework. Using binary and multinomial logit regressions, we estimate the effects of formal, informal, and self-employment (in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors) on children's poverty status across national, rural, and urban contexts. Our findings reveal that informal employment is consistently associated with higher risks of multidimensional child poverty, particularly in rural areas. In contrast, formal employment and non-agricultural self-employment reduce poverty risks. Socio-demographic characteristics such as parental education, number of children, and single-parent status also play a critical role in shaping child deprivation. Access to social protection significantly mitigates poverty risks. The results highlight two critical policy insights: the need to facilitate transitions from informal to formal employment especially in rural areas, and the importance of integrating inclusive social protection programs that target vulnerable households to break intergenerational cycles of poverty.
Journal Article
Risk and Vulnerability: Analysis of Rural and Urban Households Poverty in Nigeria
Risks and vulnerability occupy an essential place in the study of poverty dynamics and the quest for inclusive growth in developing economies. Thus, using a dataset from the General Household Post Harvest Survey, this study explores the issues of risks and vulnerability and their consequences on rural and urban households’ poverty in Nigeria. The objectives are to ascertain how disproportionately rural and urban households are affected by risks and vulnerability and to determine how they impact household characteristics and poverty in Nigeria with the Three-step Feasible Generalized Least Square estimation. Results revealed that households in both regions are vulnerable to different risks which are greater in rural than in urban regions in some instances, and vice versa. Other household characteristics showed that poverty correlates with vulnerability growth and risk is the precursor. From the findings, the study recommends integrated programmes for rural agricultural activities and better farm practices that will improve household welfare and livelihoods. It further recommends that there is a need for government to create jobs in the urban areas, and make policies that will support the private sector and abate market risks and the frequency of crime.
Journal Article
The Economic Consequences of Hospital Admissions
We use an event study approach to examine the economic consequences of hospital admissions for adults in two datasets: survey data from the Health and Retirement Study, and hospitalization data linked to credit reports. For non-elderly adults with health insurance, hospital admissions increase out-of-pocket medical spending, unpaid medical bills, and bankruptcy, and reduce earnings, income, access to credit, and consumer borrowing. The earnings decline is substantial compared to the out-of-pocket spending increase, and is minimally insured prior to age-eligibility for Social Security Retirement Income. Relative to the insured non-elderly, the uninsured non-elderly experience much larger increases in unpaid medical bills and bankruptcy rates following a hospital admission. Hospital admissions trigger fewer than 5 percent of all bankruptcies in our sample.
Journal Article
LGBTQ Economics
Public attitudes and policies toward LGBTQ individuals have improved substantially in recent decades. Economists are actively shaping the discourse around these policies and contributing to our understanding of the economic lives of LGBTQ individuals. In this paper, we present the most up-to-date estimates of the size, location, demographic characteristics, and family structures of LGBTQ individuals in the United States. We describe an emerging literature on the effects of legal access to same-sex marriage on family and socioeconomic outcomes. We also summarize what is known about the size, direction, and sources of wage differentials related to variation in sexual orientation and gender identity. We conclude by describing a range of open questions in LGBTQ economics.
Journal Article