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We provide an overview of the integration of refugees into the labor markets of a number of high-income countries. Discussing the ways in which refugees and economic migrants are differently selected and so might be expected to perform differently in a host country's labor market, we examine employment and wages for these groups over time after arrival. There is significant heterogeneity between host countries, but in general, refugees experience persistently worse outcomes than other migrants. While the gaps between the groups can be seen to decrease on a timescale of a decade or two, this is more pronounced in employment rates than it is in wages. We also discuss how refugees are distinct in terms of other factors affecting integration, including health, language skills, and social networks. We provide a discussion of insights for public policy in receiving countries, concluding that supporting refugees in early labor market attachment is crucial.

The European migration crisis of 2015-2016 and the migrants from Central America gathering on the US border since 2017 have created headlines and presented challenges for Western governments. In this paper, I examine the trends in, and determinants of, the number of asylum seekers applying for refugee status in the developed world. This must be understood against the background of an international policy regime that evolved in response to refugee crises and geo-political imperatives. While policy has drawn a sharp distinction between refugees and other immigrants, that difference has become increasingly blurred among asylum migrants. In this light, I examine the interplay between migration pressures, public opinion, and asylum policies in recent decades.

This chapter contains sections titled: The Immigrant/Involuntary Minority Typology Shortcomings of Cultural–Ecological Theory Accommodation and Acculturation without Assimilation Segmented Assimilation Achievement Motivation, Dual Frame of Reference, and Subtractive Schooling Grand Theory Versus Localized Studies Identity Formation: Negotiation and Contestation Membership and Marginalization in School Settings Successfully Educating Immigrant Children Transnationalism and Cultural Citizenship Concluding Thoughts Acknowledgements References

Theorization in the sociology of migration and the field of refugee studies has been retarded by a path-dependent division that we argue should be broken down by greater mutual engagement. Excavating the construction of the refugee category reveals how unwarranted assumptions shape contemporary disputes about the scale of refugee crises, appropriate policy responses, and suitable research tools. Empirical studies of how violence interacts with economic and other factors shaping mobility offer lessons for both fields. Adapting existing theories that may not appear immediately applicable, such as household economy approaches, helps explain refugees' decision-making processes. At a macro level, world systems theory sheds light on the interactive policies around refugees across states of origin, mass hosting, asylum, transit, and resettlement. Finally, focusing on the integration of refugees in the Global South reveals a pattern that poses major challenges to theories of assimilation and citizenship developed in settler states of the Global North.

The issues around settlement, belonging, and poor relief have for too long been understood largely from the perspective of England and Wales. This volume offers a pan-European survey that encompasses Switzerland, Prussia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Britain. It explores how the conception of belonging changed over time and space from the 1500s onwards, how communities dealt with the welfare expectations of an increasingly mobile population that migrated both within and between states, the welfare rights that were attached to those who \"belonged,\" and how ordinary people secured access to welfare resources. What emerged was a sophisticated European settlement system, which on the one hand structured itself to limit the claims of the poor, and yet on the other was peculiarly sensitive to their demands and negotiations.

One of the hallmarks of the Tibetan exile situation is that it has been organised on the principle of non-assimilation. This has allowed the Tibetan refugee to use their agency to ensure the sustenance of Tibetan culture and religion in exile. This is in keeping with Arendt’s apprehension that assimilation with the host society can lead to a dilution of the culture of the refugee. Through a qualitative study of Tibetan settlements in Karnataka and Goa, this paper enquires into the socio-economic consequences of the policy of non-assimilation for both the Tibetan refugees and the Indian hosts. Executive Summary This paper examined the economic implications of non-assimilation for Tibetan refugees and Indian hosts. Combining Arendt’s perspective on the non-assimilation of refugees with Granovetter’s thesis on the embeddedness of economic action, this paper reiterated that despite the non-assimilation framework of exile, the socio-economic relations of Tibetan refugees with the Indian hosts have elements of accommodation, conflict and negotiations. The fieldwork for this qualitative study has been conducted in Tibetan settlements in Karnataka and Goa in different phases from 2019 to 2021. Since 1959, thousands of Tibetans have been fleeing to India following the Chinese annexation of Tibet in 1949. In exile, non-assimilation was the framework by which the Tibetan exile Govenrment sought to preserve their cultural identity. The over 58 Tibetan settlements have been a strong facilitator of the policy of non-assimilation yet encourage economic relations between Indian hosts and Tibetan refugees. There is a noticeable difference in economic relations between Tibetan refugees and Indian hosts in Karnataka and Goa. While the economic relations in Karnataka can at times lead to refugee-host hostility, it is overwhelmingly governed by accommodation and reciprocal dependency. The economic relations between Tibetan refugees and Indian hosts in Goa, on the other hand, are more marked by confrontation and negotiations. Unlike Karnataka, Goa has not yet implemented the TRP. In Goa, Tibetans largely work in the Tibetan markets established in these areas. Being tourist areas, the land is at a premium. Entrepreneurs from different regions of India compete for space and business in Goa. The presence of the Tibetan market in these areas, naturally leads to resentment and negotiations.Despite the non-assimilative framework of exile, the agency of Tibetan refugees in India warrants that the socio-economic relationship between refugees and host encompass elements of cooperation, conflicts and negotiations.

Since the time of the Grand Tour, the Italian region of Tuscany has sustained a highly visible American and Anglo migrant community. Today American women continue to migrate there, many in order to marry Italian men. Confronted with experiences of social exclusion, unfamiliar family relations, and new cultural terrain, many women struggle to build local lives. In the first ethnographic monograph of Americans in Italy, Catherine Trundle argues that charity and philanthropy are the central means by which many American women negotiate a sense of migrant belonging in Italy. This book traces women's daily acts of charity as they gave food to the poor, fundraised among the wealthy, monitored untrustworthy recipients, assessed the needy, and reflected on the emotional work that charity required. In exploring the often-ignored role of charitable action in migrant community formation, Trundle contributes to anthropological theories of gift giving, compassion, and reflexivity.

This book traces the global, national, and local origins of the conflict between Muslims and Jews in France, challenging the belief that rising anti-Semitism in France is rooted solely in the unfolding crisis in Israel and Palestine. Maud Mandel shows how the conflict in fact emerged from processes internal to French society itself even as it was shaped by affairs elsewhere, particularly in North Africa during the era of decolonization. Mandel examines moments in which conflicts between Muslims and Jews became a matter of concern to French police, the media, and an array of self-appointed spokesmen from both communities: Israel's War of Independence in 1948, France's decolonization of North Africa, the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the 1968 student riots, and François Mitterrand's experiments with multiculturalism in the 1980s. She takes an in-depth, on-the-ground look at interethnic relations in Marseille, which is home to the country's largest Muslim and Jewish populations outside of Paris. She reveals how Muslims and Jews in France have related to each other in diverse ways throughout this history--as former residents of French North Africa, as immigrants competing for limited resources, as employers and employees, as victims of racist aggression, as religious minorities in a secularizing state, and as French citizens. InMuslims and Jews in France, Mandel traces the way these multiple, complex interactions have been overshadowed and obscured by a reductionist narrative of Muslim-Jewish polarization.

This review examines research on immigrant families in the United States from the past decade from multiple disciplinary perspectives. This work has used variations on assimilation and acculturation perspectives. In the case of the assimilation perspectives, the focus has largely been on family formation, whereas research using acculturation perspectives has focused more on intrafamily relationships. But, over the course of the decade, an interesting integrative model has emerged to address interactions of attitudes and values with structural conditions in the receiving and sending communities. Some of this effort to integrate perspectives can be found in studies of transnational families. The review concludes with some suggestions for continuing this integration and expanding studies to include dynamics of migration and family processes simultaneously.