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306 How much is too much? Stress in young elite athletes is precursor for illness and injury
BackgroundAppropriate physical stress in training and adequate recovery are essential in gaining maximal adaptation in athletes. Tired athletes can be under increased physical and mental stressors that result in maladaptation. Little is known if additional academic and psychosocial stressors faced by university athletes leads to a counterproductive adaptation.ObjectiveTo determine if subjective stressors (e.g. academic pressures, psychosocial stressors) are associated with counterproductive training adaptations in elite athletes as well as the period in the academic year where such stressors are most harmfulDesignLongitudinal cross-sectional retrospective study undertaken in university semesters between 2014–2017.SettingStudy was carried out at Lincoln University, a tertiary education institute that is host to the largest elite sports scholarship program in New Zealand.Patients (or Participants)A 182 sports scholarship students aged 18–22 yearsInterventions (or assessment of risk factors)Individualized training programs were developed for each athlete based on training status and competitive season. A commercially available software system was used to collect training data and subjective feelings of stress, fatigue, academic pressure, mood, sleep as well as injury or illness incidences.ResultsThe highest injury and illness rate are during the examination period of the academic year where stress levels were elevated. Subjective measures and academic pressure were the strongest contributors to injury. Decreased levels of perceived mood, sleep duration and energy levels as well increased academic stress were able to predict injury in these athletes.ConclusionsAthletes are vulnerable at certain periods of the academic year due to increased stress resulting in an increase in injury and illness rate. This study highlighted the need for the implementation of stress reduction and resilience development protocols in order to decrease the injury and illness in elite university athletes.
Journal Article
ISCN9A/I rs6746030 Polymorphism and Pain Perception in Combat Athletes and Non-Athletes
One of the genes associated with pain perception is SCN9A, which encodes an α-subunit of the voltage gated sodium channel, NaV1.7, a crucial player in peripheral pain sensation. It has been suggested that a common missense polymorphism within SCN9A (rs6746030; G>A; R1150W) may affect nociception in the general population, but its effects of pain perception in athletes remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the association between a polymorphism within SCN9A (rs6746030) and pain perception (pain threshold and pain tolerance) in the group of combat athletes (n = 214) and students (n = 92) who did not participate in sports at a professional level. Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan Real-Time PCR method. No significant differences were found between the SCN9A genotype distributions with respect to the pain threshold. However, the probability of having a high pain threshold was higher in the combat sports group than in the control group. The probability of having a decreased pain tolerance was higher in the carriers of the GA and AA genotype than in the homozygotes of the GG genotype. Moreover, the possibility of having a high pain threshold was higher in the combat athlete group than in the control group. The results of our study suggest that the SCN9A rs6746030 polymorphism may affect pain perception. However, the additional effect of the experimental group may suggest that pain tolerance is significantly modulated by other factors, such as the systematic exposure of the athletes' bodies to short-term high-intensity stimuli during training sessions.
Journal Article
Clutch performers
Spotlights the players who can be depended on to deliver under intense pressure.
Book
Testing for Athlete Citizenship
Incidents of doping in sports are common in news headlines, despite regulatory efforts. How did doping become a crisis? What does a doping violation actually entail? Who gets punished for breaking the rules of fair play? InTesting for Athlete Citizenship, Kathryn E. Henne, a former competitive athlete and an expert in the law and science of anti-doping regulations, examines the development of rules aimed at controlling performance enhancement in international sports.
As international and celebrated figures, athletes are powerful symbols, yet few spectators realize that a global regulatory network is in place in an attempt to ensure ideals of fair play. The athletes caught and punished for doping are not always the ones using performance-enhancing drugs to cheat. In the case of female athletes, violations of fair play can stem from their inherent biological traits. Combining historical and ethnographic approaches,Testing for Athlete Citizenshipoffers a compelling account of the origins and expansion of anti-doping regulation and gender-verification rules.
Drawing on research conducted in Australasia, Europe, and North America, Henne provides a detailed account of how race, gender, class, and postcolonial formations of power shape these ideas and regulatory practices.Testing for Athlete Citizenshipmakes a convincing case to rethink the power of regulation in sports and how it separates athletes as a distinct class of citizens subject to a unique set of rules because of their physical attributes and abilities.
eBook
Kid athletes : true tales of childhood from sports legends
Sixteen \"true tales from the childhoods of famous athletes, from Babe Ruth (so incorrigible that his parents put him in reform school at age 7) to Muhammad Ali (who learned to fight at age 12 after a thief stole his bicycle)\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Sportifves trans, perspectives cis : les athlètes trans sous le regard sensationnaliste de la presse française
La présence des athlètes trans dans les sports, bien qu'elle soit l'objet de vives controverses, demeure négligée dans le domaine des études de genre, du sport et des médias. Au croisement de ces disciplines, l'article est basé sur une analyse sociodiscursive de 86 articles publiés dans la presse française entre 1977 et 2020. À la lumière des théories trans, les auteurs montrent que les athlètes trans font l'objet d'une représentation cis-sensationnaliste reposant sur quatre mécanismes : 1) le mythe de la première personne trans; 2) la mise en scène de la transition; 3) la banalisation de l'exclusion; 4) l'occultation des conditions de vie. Une des conséquences de ce traitement médiatique pour les athlètes trans est la contrainte à justifier leur existence, leur transition et leur place dans le sport. Selon les auteurs, il est primordial de prendre en considération le rôle de la presse dans la reconduction de l'oppression cisgenriste envers les sportif * ves trans.
Journal Article
The playmaker's advantage : how to raise your mental game to the next level
\"Discover how to improve your mental game--the next frontier in sports training--no matter your age or experience and become the Playmaker or the decisive general on the court or field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
10 Left atrial adaption in the athletic heart
IntroductionAs part of a screening programme we performed cardiac Echocardiography on an elite hurling team twice during the last four years and as new players emerged. We used conventional echo parameters plus deformation imaging to assess the athletic heart. We know from previous studies that left ventricular stiffness and compliance is reduced in elite athletes. The aim therefore was to assess the retrograde effect of this on left atrial adaption in competitive athletes compared to controls.Methods20 competitive athletes and 20 age and sex-matched sedentary subjects were analysed using conventional Echocardiography and deformation imaging. LA stiffness was determined by measuring peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) and peak atrial contraction strain (PACS). Left ventricular (LV) stiffness was also calculated in both groups.ResultsLA volume index was greater in athletes as compared with controls (22.6 ± 5.3 vs. 18.6 ± 6.5 mL/m, p < 0.001). LA, PALS and LA PACS were lower in athletes in comparison with controls (p < 0.05, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The Myocardial stiffness index calculated by E/Ea/ LVEDD was lower in athletes then controls. P< 0.016).ConclusionsCompetitive athletes showed a small increase in LA volume and lower LA stiffness compared with controls. Thus, LA enlargement in the setting of the athlete's heart is not associated with increased LA stiffness. These findings further support the premise that reduced LA stiffness and increased LA volume index is associated with reduced left ventricular myocardial compliance.
Journal Article