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Beyond the Black Power Salute
Unequal opportunity sparked Jim Brown’s endeavors to encourage Black development while Billie Jean King fought so that women tennis players could earn more money and enjoy greater freedom. Gregory J. Kaliss examines these events and others to guide readers through the unprecedented wave of protest that swept sports in the 1960s and 1970s. The little-known story of the University of Wyoming football players suspended for their activism highlights an analysis of protests by college athletes. The 1971 Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier clash provides a high-profile example of the Black male athlete’s effort to redefine Black masculinity. An in-depth look at the American Basketball Association reveals a league that put Black culture front and center with its style of play and shows how the ABA influenced the development of hip-hop. As Kaliss describes the breakthroughs achieved by these athletes, he also explores the barriers that remained--and in some cases remain today.
eBook
Kid athletes : true tales of childhood from sports legends
Sixteen \"true tales from the childhoods of famous athletes, from Babe Ruth (so incorrigible that his parents put him in reform school at age 7) to Muhammad Ali (who learned to fight at age 12 after a thief stole his bicycle)\"--Amazon.com.
Book
10 Left atrial adaption in the athletic heart
IntroductionAs part of a screening programme we performed cardiac Echocardiography on an elite hurling team twice during the last four years and as new players emerged. We used conventional echo parameters plus deformation imaging to assess the athletic heart. We know from previous studies that left ventricular stiffness and compliance is reduced in elite athletes. The aim therefore was to assess the retrograde effect of this on left atrial adaption in competitive athletes compared to controls.Methods20 competitive athletes and 20 age and sex-matched sedentary subjects were analysed using conventional Echocardiography and deformation imaging. LA stiffness was determined by measuring peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) and peak atrial contraction strain (PACS). Left ventricular (LV) stiffness was also calculated in both groups.ResultsLA volume index was greater in athletes as compared with controls (22.6 ± 5.3 vs. 18.6 ± 6.5 mL/m, p < 0.001). LA, PALS and LA PACS were lower in athletes in comparison with controls (p < 0.05, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The Myocardial stiffness index calculated by E/Ea/ LVEDD was lower in athletes then controls. P< 0.016).ConclusionsCompetitive athletes showed a small increase in LA volume and lower LA stiffness compared with controls. Thus, LA enlargement in the setting of the athlete's heart is not associated with increased LA stiffness. These findings further support the premise that reduced LA stiffness and increased LA volume index is associated with reduced left ventricular myocardial compliance.
Journal Article
Clutch performers
Spotlights the players who can be depended on to deliver under intense pressure.
Book
The playmaker's advantage : how to raise your mental game to the next level
\"Discover how to improve your mental game--the next frontier in sports training--no matter your age or experience and become the Playmaker or the decisive general on the court or field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
P-87 Acvr1b rs2854464 is associated with quantitative measures of strength/power in lithuanian athletes and controls
Genetic variation is known to account for a large portion of the variation in muscle mass and strength/power in humans. However, few polymorphisms have been conclusively linked with these phenotypes. The myostatin signalling pathway is a source of potential candidates due to its involvement in muscle growth. Variation in myostatin itself has been shown to relate to muscle mass in humans; however, myostatin variation is rare in humans. Other studies have related variation in ACVR1B, a component of the myostatin signalling pathway, to strength/power phenotypes or to athlete status. However, this work still needs replication in large well phenotyped cohorts containing elite athletes. This study aims to replicate previous studies on the relationship between variation in the ACVR1B (rs2854464) G/A polymorphism and strength/power related phenotypes in well phenotyped Lithuanian athletes and controls.Participants DNA samples were from the GELAK cohort. This is comprised of 407 Lithuanians: 84 endurance athletes (END), 126 sprint-strength-power (SSP) and 197 controls (CON). Phenotypes related to stature (height, body mass, BMI), strength (isokinetic peak torque in left and right legs at 30 degrees per second), power (Wingate) and speed (30 m sprint). Genotypes were determined using bespoke RFLPs. Genotype distributions were compared by Chi squared. Odds ratios are reported as mean (lower to upper 95% confidence limits). Associations were established using GLM-ANOVA in Minitab. All GLM analyses were corrected for athlete group and age in months.The control sample was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequencies were similar to those reported in 1000 Genomes database. ACVR1B rs2854464 genotype distributions differed between SSP v END (p = 0.015) groups only. AA homozygotes were 2.16 (1.22 to 3.81) times more likely to be END than SSP (p = 0.007). After correction for age and athlete group, ACVR1B rs2854464 variation associated with body mass (p = 0.042, V = 1.36%), BMI (p = 0.016, V = 1.76%) and Wingate total anaerobic work (p = 0.021, V = 1.72%) but not with height, isokinetic peak torque, Wingate peak power or 30 m sprint speed. In all significant relationships, AA homozygotes were significantly weaker than GA heterozygotes.Variation in ACVR1B rs2854464 differs between endurance and strength athletes. It also relates to body mass and quantitative measurements of muscle function. However, in contrast to previous work, carriers of the A-allele are less likely to be strength/power athletes and even after correction for age and athlete group, carriers of the A-allele are still likely to have lower body mass and have lower capacity for anaerobic work.ReferencesWindelinckx, et al. (2011) Comprehensive fine mapping of chr12q12-14 and follow-up replication identify activin receptor 1B (ACVR1B) as a muscle strength gene. Eur J Hum Gen 19:208–215.Voisin, et al. (2016) ACVR1B rs2854464 Is Associated with Sprint/Power Athletic Status in a Large Cohort of Europeans but Not Brazilians. PLoS One 11(6):e0156316.
Journal Article