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Using Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Sensing and Wearable Technology in Sports Medicine and Performance Optimisation
Wearable technologies are small electronic and mobile devices with wireless communication capabilities that can be worn on the body as a part of devices, accessories or clothes. Sensors incorporated within wearable devices enable the collection of a broad spectrum of data that can be processed and analysed by artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In this narrative review, we performed a literature search of the MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus databases. We included any original studies that used sensors to collect data for a sporting event and subsequently used an AI-based system to process the data with diagnostic, treatment or monitoring intents. The included studies show the use of AI in various sports including basketball, baseball and motor racing to improve athletic performance. We classified the studies according to the stage of an event, including pre-event training to guide performance and predict the possibility of injuries; during events to optimise performance and inform strategies; and in diagnosing injuries after an event. Based on the included studies, AI techniques to process data from sensors can detect patterns in physiological variables as well as positional and kinematic data to inform how athletes can improve their performance. Although AI has promising applications in sports medicine, there are several challenges that can hinder their adoption. We have also identified avenues for future work that can provide solutions to overcome these challenges.
Journal Article
Sport skill acquisition : integrating theory and practice
\"This textbook considers three theoretical approaches to skill acquisition exploring how these different approaches can be used separately or in a blended form, which the authors term Professional Judgement and Decision Making (PJDM), or the \"It Depends\" approach. The mental, organizational, planning, and social aspects of skill are discussed, along with practical guidance on how skill can best be planned for, developed, executed, and integrated\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Effect of core training on athletic and skill performance of basketball players: A systematic review
A limited number of studies focus on the effect of core training on basketball players’ athletic performance and skills. This systematic reviewaimed to comprehensively and critically review the available studies in the literature that investigate the impact of core training on basketball players’ physical and skill performance, and then offer valuable recommendations for both coaches and researchers. Thedata collection, selection, and analysis adhered to the PRISMA protocol. English databases, including Ebscohost, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar,were searched until September 2022. A total of eight articles were included, with four studies comparing the effects of core training versus traditional strength training or usual basketball training. All studies investigated the impact of core training on athletic performance. The findings revealed that core training can help players improve their overall athletic and skill performance, particularly in the areas of strength, sprinting,jumping, balance, agility, shooting, dribbling, passing, rebounding, and stepping. In addition, core training, particularly on unstable surfaces,as well as combining static and dynamic core training,improvebasketball players’ athletic and skill performance. Despite the relativelylittle evidence demonstrating the effect of core training on endurance, flexibility, and defensive skills, this review demonstrates that it should be incorporated into basketball training sessions.
Journal Article
Assessments for sport and athletic performance
\"Assessments for Sport and Athletic Performance is a resource for coaches and trainers that provides comprehensive, research-based tests and assessments. It includes information necessary for assessing body composition, strength, flexibility, balance, agility, speed, power, cardiovascular fitness, endurance, and other aspects of physical performance\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Predicting VOsub.2max in Children and Adolescents Aged between 6 and 17 Using Physiological Characteristics and Participation in Sport Activities: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Different Regression Models Stratified by Gender
Background: The aim of this study is to use different regression models to capture the association between cardiorespiratory fitness VO[sub.2]max (measured in mL/kg/min) and somatometric characteristics and sports activities and making better predictions. Methods: multiple linear regression (MLR), quantile regression (QR), ridge regression (RR), support vector regression (SVR) with three different kernels, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and boosted regression trees (RTs) were compared to explain and predict VO[sub.2]max and to choose the best performance model. The sample consisted of 4908 children (2314 males and 2594 females) aged between 6 and 17. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20 m maximal multistage shuttle run test and maximal oxygen uptake (VO[sub.2]max) was calculated. Welch t-tests, Mann–Whitney-U tests, X[sup.2] tests, and ANOVA tests were performed. The performance measures were root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R[sup.2]). All analyses were stratified by gender. Results: A comparison of the statistical indices for both the predicted and actual data indicated that in boys, the MLR model outperformed all other models in all indices, followed by the linear SVR model. In girls, the MLR model performed better than the other models in R[sup.2] but was outperformed by SVR-RBF in terms of RMSE and MAE. The overweight and obesity categories in both sexes (p < 0.001) and maternal prepregnancy obesity in girls had a significant negative effect on VO[sub.2]max. Age, weekly football training, track and field, basketball, and swimming had different positive effects based on gender. Conclusion: The MLR model showed remarkable performance against all other models and was competitive with the SVR models. In addition, this study’s data showed that changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were dependent, to a different extent based on gender, on BMI category, weight, height, age, and participation in some organized sports activities. Predictors that are not considered modifiable, such as gender, can be used to guide targeted interventions and policies.
Journal Article
Control freak
Steve is King of the Bench. No brag. That's just a fact. And this season, Steve and his friends are ready to sit on the sidelines of the Spiro T. Agnew Middle school football field. But then they stumble upon an old-school video game controller, and they become convinced it can control sports plays. With it, Steve might become King of Football too!
Book
Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review
Speed is an important prerequisite in soccer. Therefore, a large number of tests have been developed aiming to investigate several speed skills relevant to soccer. This systematic review aimed to examine the validity and reliability of speed tests used in adult soccer players.
A systematic search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated speed tests in adult soccer players and reported validity (construct and criterion) or reliability (intraday and interday) data. The tests were categorized into linear-sprint, repeated-sprint, change-of-direction sprint, agility, and tests incorporating combinations of these skills.
In total, 90 studies covering 167 tests were included. Linear-sprint (n = 67) and change-of-direction sprint (n = 60) were studied most often, followed by combinations of the aforementioned (n = 21) and repeated-sprint tests (n = 15). Agility tests were examined fewest (n = 4). Mainly based on construct validity studies, acceptable validity was reported for the majority of the tests in all categories, except for agility tests, where no validity study was identified. Regarding intraday and interday reliability, ICCs>0.75 and CVs<3.0% were evident for most of the tests in all categories. These results applied for total and average times. In contrast, measures representing fatigue such as percent decrement scores indicated inconsistent validity findings. Regarding reliability, ICCs were 0.11-0.49 and CVs were 16.8-51.0%.
Except for agility tests, several tests for all categories with acceptable levels of validity and high levels of reliability for adult soccer players are available. Caution should be given when interpreting fatigue measures, e.g., percent decrement scores. Given the lack of accepted gold-standard tests for each category, researchers and practitioners may base their test selection on the broad database provided in this systematic review. Future research should pay attention to the criterion validity examining the relationship between test results and match parameters as well as to the development and evaluation of soccer-specific agility tests.
Journal Article
Effects of a loaded change of direction training program on physical performance in U-19 elite soccer players
Changes of direction are one of the most repeated actions during football matches, which is why the inclusion of these actions in the training of the football player must be a fundamental aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 6-week a loaded change of direction (COD) movements training on speed, jump, COD speed, and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in soccer players. Twenty-eight male soccer players (age: 19.12 ± 0.75 years; height: 1.75 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 72.78 ± 4.87 kg; systematic practice: 8.62 ± 1.33 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 14) or a control group (CG, n = 14). The research was conducted during a training camp. During the intervention period, the EG performed two weekly sessions of loaded change of direction training, while the CG performed FIFA 11 prevention program. EG significantly improved the performance of 5-m, CMJ, SJ, Illinois and the percentage of decrement (%Dec and %Dec-COD). However, CG only showed significant improvements in CMJ and SJ. Between-groups analysis revealed differences in favor of the EG in 5-m, CMJ, SJ. The main results show that the effect of loaded COD movements training using a weighted vest on the physical performance of soccer players is significantly greater compared to the FIFA 11 prevention program. This study shows that including an additional load in COD exercises is a good method to increase performance on key variables for soccer players.
Journal Article