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"Atlases Russia."
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The European Russia Drought Atlas (1400-2016 CE)
We present the European Russia Drought Atlas (ERDA) that covers the East European Plain to the Ural Mountains from 1400–2016 CE. Like the Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) for the Euro-Mediterranean region, the ERDA is a one-half degree gridded reconstruction of summer Palmer Drought Severity Indices estimated from a network of annual tree-ring chronologies. Ensemble point-by-point regression is used to generate the ERDA with the identical protocols used for developing the OWDA. Split calibration/validation tests of the ERDA indicate that it has significant skill over most of its domain and is much more skillful than the OWDA where they overlap in the western part of ERDA domain. Comparisons to historical droughts over European Russia additionally support the ERDA’s overall validity. The ERDA has been spatially smoothed and infilled using a local regression method to yield a spatially complete drought atlas back to 1400 CE. EOF analysis indicates that there are three principal modes of hydroclimatic variability in the ERDA. After Varimax rotation, these modes correlate significantly with independent climate data sets extending back to the late nineteenth century in a physically interpretable way and relate to atmospheric circulation dynamics of droughts and heatwaves over European Russia based on more recent instrumental data.
Journal Article
Mapping the Population of the Regions of Asian Russia: Experience, Content, Problems, Levels of Mapping
The purpose of this work is the cartographic identification of spatiotemporal relationships between the dynamics of demographic processes and structures in the regions and municipalities of Asian Russia. The article analyzes the accumulated experience, content of works, and emerging methodological and information problems at various territorial levels of mapping. The experience of post-Soviet population mapping in Asian Russia is considered: types of maps, mapping methods, scales, and territorial levels. The achievements and shortcomings of population mapping in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods are compared. The availability of population maps for individual regions, subregions, and settlement systems is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the place and role of analytical, complex, and synthetic population maps in complex atlases. The main research method is proposed—geoinformation mapping at interconnected territorial levels: the macroregion of Asian Russia, regions of the Russian Federation, and municipalities of the first and second levels. The information basis for mapping will be the databases of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The main statistical data are based on population censuses (All-Russian Population Censuses of 2002, 2010, and 2020). Conclusions and proposals are intended for use in developing a population mapping program in the atlas of Asian Russia.
Journal Article
Atlas Information Systems: Design, Creation, and Use
This article reviews the concept of atlas information systems (AISs) and their characteristics, principles of creation, history of development, and development experience. The common features and differences of AISs with traditional paper atlas cartography, as well as automated cartographic systems (ACSs) and geographic information systems (GISs), are presented. The advantages of multimedia atlas information systems (MAISs) for displaying and evaluating the studied objects are emphasized. It is noted that atlas information systems as a whole are designed to solve the problems of integrating and creating cartographic and multimedia data on research objects from various sources; creating various thematic data blocks; informing about problems in various fields of research; creating manuals for students, researchers, local historians, and tourists; working out development scenarios; forecasting; management; territorial planning; and compliance with a special environmental management regime. Stages of AIS design and operation are defined which include both technical and substantive aspects. A brief historical background of the creation and development of AISs is given. The potential of organizing the projected Atlas of Asian Russia in the form of an AIS is considered. The advantages of using AISs in the development of large atlas projects are shown.
Journal Article
Asian Russia in the Series of Medico-Geographical Atlases of Russia
General mapping of Asian Russia remains an important area of medico-geographical research. One way to conduct this research is to perform general mapping of the territory of Russia as a whole, which, in addition to obtaining new knowledge, provides an additional information resource for studying and assessing the medico-geographical indicators of Asian Russia in the national context. The Faculty of Geography at Lomonosov Moscow State University, with the support of Russian Geographical Society, has prepared a series of popular-scientific medico-geographical atlases of Russia on topical medico-geographical subjects that were previously poorly represented or did not meet the modern needs of society, such as
Natural Focal Diseases
(2015, 2017),
Healing Springs and Plants
(2019), and
Risk Factors for Oncological Diseases
(2024). The unity of the atlases is achieved by the original scientific and methodological principles and methods of their implementation based on GIS technologies. The series was prepared using the most recent scientific text and cartographic sources, statistical data for more than a 30-year period, and illustrative materials processed using the latest modeling techniques to ensure the relevance of the final results. The series contains medico-geographical characteristics of Asian Russia in continuum (natural and ecological prerequisites, areas of healing resources, measures for environmental sanitation, etc.) or continuum-discrete (by administrative–territorial divisions) representation. The latter is intended to provide required information for management and planning organizations. The series presents natural-ecological and socio-economic prerequisites for diseases (selected in accordance with their etiology), including risk factors for natural focal and oncological diseases; incidence and mortality of the population in a fairly wide nosological spectrum; and complexes of multifaceted measures for preventing disease and promoting health for society and the environment. In addition to specialists, the popular-scientific direction of the series is intended to promote public education and to include the population in solving demographic and other problems of the 21st century.
Journal Article
Achievements of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Studies of Lakes over Three Centuries (A Review)
This study is dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the 80th anniversary of the establishment of the Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences. The main results of studying Russian lakes in the Academy of Sciences over three centuries are presented. In the 18th century, the Academy of Sciences organized first “physical” expeditions for studying lakes, lake regions, as well as the Aral and Caspian seas. In 1916, a Commission for Studying Lake Baikal was set up at the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. After 1917, the studies of lakes expanded considerably because of the practical needs of the country’s development. In 1928, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences transformed the Baikal expedition into the Baikal Limnological Station. In 1944, the Laboratory of Limnology was created in Leningrad, and in 1971, the Institute of Limnology, of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created. In the 1970s–1980s, comprehensive studies of lakes and lake–river systems were carried out in the European part of the USSR along the design line of the redistribution of the water resources in the country. In 1970–1980, USSR Academy of Sciences participated in solving global problems of limnology—eutrophication, acidification, and pollution of lakes. In the late XX–early XXI centuries, special attention was paid to the assessment of the state and the development of forecasts of changes in the ecosystems of water bodies under various climatic and anthropogenic impacts. Monographs were published, generalizing the history of lakes studies in various parts of the country, and complex atlases of large lakes in Russia were compiled. The discovery of periglacial Lake Vostok in the Antarctic, and the obtained scientific results are outstanding scientific achievements in the late XX century. It is shown that lake studies by the Russian Academy of Sciences have contributed much to the basic science and to solving practical problems of the country’s economy, and are significant for the development of problems of continental hydrology.
Journal Article
Circulation and Mesoscale Eddies in the Sea of Japan from Satellite Altimetry Data
The spatial distribution and seasonal variability of mesoscale eddies in the Sea of Japan have been investigated based on the regional database created from the AVISO Mesoscale Eddies Trajectory Atlas (1993–2020). The database contains information about the trajectories and parameters of mesoscale eddies in the Sea of Japan. The eddy detection method is based on the analysis of altimetric maps of absolute dynamic topography. A total of 578 eddies with a lifetime of more than 90 days have been identified (273 anticyclonic and 305 cyclonic). The average lifetime of eddies is 202 days for anticyclonic and 143 days for cyclonic and mean radius of 58 km for anticyclonic and 61 km for cyclonic. The mean speed of anticyclones and cyclones along their trajectories is 2.8 and 3.7 cm/s; the mean orbital velocities of geostrophic currents are 19.0 and 15.1 cm/s, respectively. The maximum number of cases of formation and destruction of anticyclones falls in July–September during the period with high values of water inflow through the Korea Strait. Most of the cyclonic eddies are generated between January and June and decay during the cold half of the year (October–March). A joint analysis of maps of the mean surface circulation in the Sea of Japan (satellite altimetry data) and the spatial distribution of mesoscale eddy shows that the stable eddies of the Sea of Japan are associated with the quasi-stationary meanders of the East Korea East Korea Warm Curent, Subpolar Front, and Tsushima current. The position of meanders is mainly determined by the interaction of the currents with the bottom topography.
Journal Article
Mercator's Lithuanian-Russian Borderlands: Russiae pars amplificata (1595) and Its Polish Sources
This article focuses on the inset on Gerardus Mercator's large map of Russia cum confiniis [Russia with surrounding lands] that was published in his Atlas (1595), and the map Moscovia [Muscovy] published by Jodocus Hondius in the Atlas minor (1607). Comparison of the contents of Mercator's inset map, titled Russiae pars amplificata [Part of Russia enlarged] and Hondius's Moscovia map with the Polish propaganda poem Raid on Muscovy by Jan Kochanowski that had appeared in 1583-just after the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovy-led to the suggestion that both Mercator's and Hondius's maps were based on Polish-Lithuanian narrative sources as well as on a map drawn by the Polish royal cartographer Maciej Strubicz. To test the hypothesis, a historical-linguistic analysis of the orthography of the map's toponyms and hydronyms was employed to distinguish their Polish, German and Latin characteristics. The result confirms that the two maps were indeed based on a Polish military map containing a hidden Polish propaganda message.
Journal Article
Was Lorenz Fries's 1525 Strasbourg Ptolemy Atlas Complete? Or Were Two Maps Omitted?
Two manuscript maps, one of the Pacific and the other of Russia/Tartary, have emerged since 2009. In this article they are described in detail, set into context, and an argument is offered for identifying them as having been made in Strasbourg for the tabulae modernae section of the 1525 edition of Ptolemy's Geography. Had the two maps been included as intended, they would have completed the modern mapping of the world.
Journal Article
Regional Developments in Russia: Territorial Fragmentation in a Consolidating Authoritarian State
The article surveys Russia's regional and centre-periphery developments and their wider implications for the country's political, economic, and territorial future. In particular, it discusses President Putin's federalism and local government interventions and takes stock of the outcome of these and other relevant federal initiatives. The paper also discusses the broader implications of authoritarian state-building for the country's social, economic, and territorial cohesion. Globalization-related external influences on regional economies and politics are also discussed and the significance of the hitherto largely neglected variable of geography in shaping the nature and intensity of these influences is highlighted. Using examples from China and India, the paper shows how globalization may have highly uneven economic and political regional impacts in territorially large countries. The paper suggests that in Russia, external influences from regional political and economic players such as the EU, other Western donors, or multinational corporations may impinge upon authoritarian tendencies; however, they are only bound to increase regional socio-economic and political divergence given their spatially uneven nature. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article