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A comprehensive treatment of assembly language programming and computer organization, this text teaches the basic system capabilities of 8-bit AVR microcontrollers. It provides a foundation for understanding compilers, linkers, loaders, and operating systems in addition to the processors themselves. The book covers function call mechanisms and parameter passing techniques, explains how to use the XPLAIN Evaluation Kit, and describes data representation for integers, floating point, and character data. Along with many examples to illustrate the assembly language concepts, each chapter includes standard questions and programming exercises.

\"A family of internationally popular microcontrollers, the Atmel AVR microcontroller series is a low-cost hardware development platform suitable for an educational environment. Until now, no text focused on the assembly language programming of these microcontrollers. Through detailed coverage of assembly language programming principles and techniques, Some Assembly Required: Assembly Language Programming with the AVR Microcontroller teaches the basic system capabilities of 8-bit AVR microcontrollers.The text illustrates fundamental computer architecture and programming structures using AVR assembly language. It employs the core AVR 8-bit RISC microcontroller architecture and a limited collection of external devices, such as push buttons, LEDs, and serial communications, to describe control structures, memory use and allocation, stacks, and I/O. Each chapter contains numerous examples and exercises, including programming problems.By studying assembly languages, computer scientists gain an understanding of the functionality of basic processors and how their capabilities support high level languages and applications. Exploring this connection between hardware and software, this book provides a foundation for understanding compilers, linkers, loaders, and operating systems in addition to the processors themselves\"-- Provided by publisher.

An appearance of radiometers and dosimeters on free sale made it possible to provide better radiation safety for citizens. The effects of radiation may not appear all at once. They can manifest themselves in decades to come in future generations, in the form of cancer, genetic mutations, etc. For this reason, we have developed in this paper a microcontroller-based radiation monitoring system. The system determines an accumulated radiation dose for a certain period, as well as gives alarm signals when the rate of the equivalent dose exceeds. The high reliability of this system is ensured by a rapid response to emergency situations: excess of the allowable power of the equivalent radiation dose and the accumulator charge control. Further, we have composed a microcontroller electronic circuit for the monitoring radiation system. Additionally, an operation algorithm, as well as software for the ATmega328P microcontroller of the Arduino Uno board, have been developed.

A family of internationally popular microcontrollers, the Atmel AVR microcontroller series is a low-cost hardware development platform suitable for an educational environment. Until now, no text focused on the assembly language programming of these microcontrollers. Through detailed coverage of assembly language programming principles and techniques, Some Assembly Required: Assembly Language Programming with the AVR Microcontrollerteaches the basic system capabilities of 8-bit AVR microcontrollers. The text illustrates fundamental computer architecture and programming structures using AVR assembly language. It employs the core AVR 8-bit RISC microcontroller architecture and a limited collection of external devices, such as push buttons, LEDs, and serial communications, to describe control structures, memory use and allocation, stacks, and I/O. Each chapter contains numerous examples and exercises, including programming problems. By studying assembly languages, computer scientists gain an understanding of the functionality of basic processors and how their capabilities support high level languages and applications. Exploring this connection between hardware and software, this book provides a foundation for understanding compilers, linkers, loaders, and operating systems in addition to the processors themselves.

The idea of reparation – of amends owed for wrongs and wrongful harms – is ancient, universal, and a basic intuition of justice. Yet despite its ancient and distinguished lineage in Western philosophy, its familiar role in legal remedies for unjust losses and takings, and its increasing application to victims of political violence and repression, reparative justice has not received the wide consideration and sustained debate in contemporary thought that distributive and retributive justice have enjoyed.A fully developed conception of reparative justice would answer at least the following questions. Which injuries or harms trigger obligations of reparation? What kind of responsibility or relation to wrongs and harms entail obligations to make reparations? Who in relation to a wrong or harm has the standing to receive reparations? What vehicles (acts and goods offered) are capable of conveying appropriate and effective reparations? What is the measure of just reparations? What aim or end is sought, and what value or concern is at stake, in doing reparative justice?In this book, I make a start on the last three questions concerning the means, the ends, and the measure of reparative justice. I defend two fundamental and somewhat revisionary ideas about the nature of reparations and so about the kind of justice they represent. The first is that, despite its strong association with material restitution or money payments, reparations are inherently a communicative transaction. Reparative gestures and offers must bear a certain set of meanings that are communicated between those who make amends and those who receive them. The second idea explains the first: despite the association of reparative justice with wrongful loss and a remedy for it, and hence with restitution or compensation, the more fundamental issue in reparations, I argue, is the moral vulnerability of victims of serious wrongs. Specifically, it is vulnerability to being ignored, erased, or held in contempt when one lacks the standing to call others to an accounting of their responsibilities where one is unjustly treated. Reparative justice requires that moral vulnerability be confronted and that the standing of injured parties to call others to responsibility be affirmed. Moral vulnerability explains why material tenders or transfers are often but not always necessary, and why they do not alone suffice for reparations.CULLED FROM THE AUTHORS INTRODUCTION.