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We have recently initiated hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments on heavy atoms and heavy-element containing molecules in gas phase by using synchrotron radiation up to 35 keV at SPring-8 undulator beamlines. We have successfully measured deep inner-shell photoelectron spectra, as well as L-MM and M-NN Auger electron spectra excited below and above the K-edge of heavy elements. Target specimens utilized for the preliminary experiments are Ar, Kr and Xe atoms, and also iodine in iodomethane (CH3I) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) molecules, respectively. We show some selected results on the extracted core-hole lifetime broadenings for the iodine 1s core level of the CH3I molecule and also for the Xe 2s, 2p core levels, to compare with theoretical values. The L-MM Auger electron spectra of Kr recorded at 13 and 16.6 keV excitation energies are also shown as typical examples, and the spectrum measured above the K-edge, i.e. 14.327 keV, is analyzed based on theoretical calculations using the Hartree-Fock method. As a result, we give a tentative assignment for the double-core-hole hyper-satellite LL-LMM Auger transitions of the Kr atom.

The practical application of nonflammable highly salt-concentrated (HC) electrolyte is strongly desired for safe Li-ion batteries. Not only experimentalists but also theoreticians are extensively focusing on the dilution approach to address the limitations of HC electrolyte such as low ionic conductivity and high viscosity. This study suggests promising highly-fluorinated ethers to dilute the HC electrolyte based on non-flammable trimethyl phosphate (TMP) solvent. According to the quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics calculations, the fluorinated ether diluents showed a miscibility behavior in HC TMP-based electrolyte. While such miscibility behavior of the diluent with TMP solvent has been significantly enhanced by increasing its degree of fluorination, i.e., the “fluorous effect”, it is remarkable that the self-diffusion constant of Li + and the ionic conductivity should be significantly improved by dilution with bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro ethyl) ether (B2E) and bis(pentafluoro ethyl) ether (BPE) compared to other common hydrofluoroether diluents. In addition, the fluorinated-ether diluents have high ability to form a localized-concentrated electrolyte in HC TMP-based solution, leading to high expectation for the formation of a stable and a compact inorganic SEI film.

Interference fringes in vibrating molecules are a signature of quantum mechanics, but are often so short-lived and closely spaced that they elude visualization. We have experimentally visualized dynamical quantum interferences, which appear and disappear in less than 100 femtoseconds in the iodine molecule synchronously with the periodic crossing of two counterpropagating nuclear wave packets. The obtained images have picometer and femtosecond spatiotemporal resolution, representing a detailed picture of the quantum interference.

We present an extension and a deepened analysis of a suggested experimental scheme for detecting atomic parity violation, previously published in Phys. Rev. A 2019, 100, 050101. The experimental concept is described in more detail and we compute new ab initio data necessary for assessing the plausibility of the approach. Original theoretical data for transition matrix elements on the electric dipole forbidden transition in caesium 6 s 2 S 1 / 2 – 5 d 2 D 3 / 2 are reported, as are a range of electric dipole matrix elements connected to the ground state 6s. The latter is used for an analysis of the wavelength-dependent light shift in Cs. A range of experimental details is presented, combined with a survey of realistic lasers parameters. These are adopted to project the feasibility of the scheme to eventually be capable of delivering data beyond the standard model of particle physics.

Polarized neutron off-specular and grazing-incidence small-angle scattering measurements are useful methods to investigate the in-plane structure and its correlation of layered systems. Although these measurements give information on complementary and overlapping length scale, the different characteristics between them need to be taken into account when performed. In this study, the difference in the accessible length scale of the in-plane structure, which is one of the most important characteristics, was discussed using an Fe/Si multilayer together with simulations based on the distorted wave Born approximation.

Intra-Stark spectroscopy (ISS) is the spectroscopy within the quasi-static Stark profile of a spectral line. The present paper reviews the X-ray ISS-based studies recently advanced for the diagnostics of the relativistic laser–plasma interactions. By improving experiments performed on the Vulcan Petawatt (PW) laser facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), the simultaneous production of the Langmuir waves and of the ion acoustic turbulence at the surface of the relativistic critical density gave the first probe by ISS of the parametric decay instability (PDI) predicted by PIC simulations. The reliable reproducibility of the experimental signatures of PDI—i.e., the Langmuir-wave-induced dips—allowed measurements of the fields of the Langmuir and ion acoustic waves. The parallel theoretical study based on a rigorous condition of the dynamic resonance depending on the relative values of the ion acoustic and the Langmuir fields could explain the disappearance of the Langmuir dips as the Langmuir wave field increases. The ISS used for the diagnostic of the PDI process in relativistic laser–plasma interactions has reinforced the reliability of the spectral line shape while allowing for all broadening mechanisms. The results can be used for a better understanding of intense laser–plasma interactions and for laboratory modelling of physical processes in astrophysical objects.