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Mirror neurons: from discovery to autism
Issue Title: 200th Anniversary Volume, Issue 3-4: Neurophysiology and Computational Neuroscience by editors: John C. Rothwell, Ulf T. Eysel, Bill Yates and Reza Shadmehr
Journal Article
A history of childhood schizophrenia and lessons for autism
The diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia was widely employed in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1970s. In this paper I will provide a history of the diagnosis. Some of the earliest publications on childhood schizophrenia outlined the notion that childhood schizophrenia had different types. I will outline the development of these types, outlining differing symptoms and causes associated with various types. I outline how different types of childhood schizophrenia were demarcated from one another primarily on age of onset and the type of psychosis which was believed to be present. I will outline how various child psychiatrists viewed the types of childhood schizophrenia posited by other child psychiatrists. I will outline the process of abandoning childhood schizophrenia. I use my history to challenge what I believe are misconceptions about childhood schizophrenia. Also, I will use my history to draw lessons for thinking about modern notions of autism. It shows potential problems around formulating psychiatric diagnoses around causes and how compromises might be needed to prevent those problems. Additionally, childhood schizophrenia shows that psychiatrists could formulate subtypes that are not based upon functioning levels and that we can conceive of subtypes as dynamic whereby someone can change which subtype they exhibit over time.
Journal Article
Understanding autism
Autism has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years, thanks to dramatically increasing rates of diagnosis, extensive organizational mobilization, journalistic coverage, biomedical research, and clinical innovation. Understanding Autism, a social history of the expanding diagnostic category of this contested illness, takes a close look at the role of emotion--specifically, of parental love--in the intense and passionate work of biomedical communities investigating autism.
eBook
Autism at 70 — Redrawing the Boundaries
Though the DSM-5 definition of autism refers to it as a spectrum, in important ways it represents an effort to define the syndrome more sharply. It thus reflects one of the central themes in the history of autism: a debate over where to set its boundaries.
This year's revision of the diagnostic criteria for autism is among the most contentious of any in the new
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(the fifth edition, or DSM-5), provoking widespread fears among parents and advocacy groups that children who have received a diagnosis of autism will lose their eligibility for services. Coincidentally, this year also marks the 70th anniversary of psychiatrist Leo Kanner's first clinical description of autism in 1943.
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Though the DSM-5 definition explicitly refers to autism as a spectrum, in important ways it represents an effort to define the syndrome more sharply. In this respect, . . .
Journal Article
'At Least I Am Different': Disability, Authenticity, and Understanding in Rousseau's Life and Works
In this paper, I examine the life and works of Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) through the lenses of madness, neurodivergence, and disability. While many scholars readily think of Rousseau as eccentric, overly emotional, and \"melancholic,\" they do not attempt to situate him as explicitly disabled, or to interpret his work as informed by madness. Using my own disabled, autistic, and mad identity as a point of potential reparative reading and kinship (although not as a direct diagnostic analogue or an uncritical approach), I argue that reading Rousseau explicitly as disabled, and further as experiencing traits consistent with modern descriptions of mental disability, opens up a new way of looking at his philosophical and musical works. By applying disabled, neurodivergent, and mad lenses to Rousseau. I provide a framework to understand the tensions between authenticity and falsehood, belief in mankind and misanthropy, and understanding and misunderstanding in his work.
Journal Article
Adjudicating non-knowledge in the Omnibus Autism Proceedings
After 5600 families of children diagnosed with autism filed claims with the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the United States, the court selected 'test' cases consolidated into the Omnibus Autism Proceedings, held from 2007 to 2008, to examine claims that vaccines caused the development of autism. The court found all of the causation theories presented to be untenable and did not award damages to any parents. We analyze the Omnibus Autism Proceedings as a struggle within the scientific field between the scientific orthodoxy of the respondents and the heterodox position taken by the plaintiffs, suggesting that the ruling in these cases helped to shore up hegemony on autism causation. Drawing on the literature on non-knowledge, we suggest that only the respondents had enough scientific capital to strategically direct non-knowledge toward genetic research, thereby foreclosing the possibility of environmental causation of autism. The plaintiffs, who promote a non-standard ontology of autism, suggest that the science on autism remains undone and should not be circumscribed. In analyzing the Omnibus Autism Proceedings with field theory, we highlight the way in which scientific consensus-building and the setting of research agendas are the result of struggle, and we show that the strategic deployment of non-knowledge becomes a major stake in battles for scientific legitimacy and the settling of scientific controversies.
Journal Article
Autism
Does the story of autism begin with early modern holy fools, or brilliant but socially awkward natural philosophers like Isaac Newton, or the \"Wild Boys\" beloved of late-Enlightenment philosophes, or the travails of an obscure Scottish nobleman? In a thoughtful and meticulous case study, the psychologist Uta Frith and the historian Rab Houston have argued that we can understand the life of Hugh Blair of Borgue within the frame of modern autism.
Journal Article
Kafka and Autism
In this paper the hypothesis is presented that Franz Kafka was a person with autism. This is done by analyzing and discussing his biography, letters, diaries and major works. Kafka’s autism is an integral diagnosis which encompasses both his personal life and his work. This interpretation is contrary to other interpretations from the past which in all cases were only partially applicable to explain Kafka’s life and work. In Kafka research the big secret of Kafka was how he was able to write he did, like no one before him had done. The function and use of parables are also discussed to support this autism hypothesis concerning Franz Kafka which ultimately makes his life and work more understandable and accessible.
Journal Article
Qualitative or Quantitative Differences Between Asperger’s Disorder and Autism? Historical Considerations
The histories of autism and Asperger’s Disorder (AD), based on original contributions by Kanner and Asperger, are reviewed in relation to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Their original articles appear to have influenced the distinction between AD and autism made in the DSM-IV. Based on up-to-date empirical research, however, it appears that AD and autism are not qualitatively distinct disorders, but are different quantitative manifestations of the same disorder. The differences between AD and autism may be a function of individual variability in these areas, not the manifestation of qualitatively distinct disorders. The DSM-IV criteria for AD and autism need to be considered with their historical developments, and based on empirical evidence, the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria may be subject to critical review.
Journal Article