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"Autobiographical memory."
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Semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming is ubiquitous
It is now well established that the activation of semantic memories leads to the activation of autobiographical memories. Studies have shown that semantic processing of words or pictures primes autobiographical memories on voluntary and involuntary autobiographical memory tasks (the Crovitz cue-word task and the vigilance task). Known as semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming, our goal in the current study was to demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of this form of priming by showing that a wide variety of stimuli will prime involuntary autobiographical memories on the vigilance task. In Experiment 1, semantic-to-autobiographical priming was obtained on the vigilance task following the processing of sounds (e.g., the sound of bowling) and spoken words (e.g., the word bowling). In Experiment 2, semantic-to-autobiographical priming was observed on the vigilance task following tactile processing (e.g., the objects ball, glasses) and visual word processing (e.g., the words ball, glasses). In Experiment 3, semantic-to-autobiographical priming was observed on the vigilance task following the processing of videos (e.g., videos of a marching parade) and visual word processing (e.g., the word parade). The results of these experiments support the idea that semantic-to-autobiographical activations occur across a wide variety of stimuli (e.g., linguistic, perceptual). The results also further support the idea that semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming may play an important role in the production of involuntary memories in everyday life. Additional implications (for priming theory and autobiographical memory functions) are discussed.
Journal Article
The organization and structure of autobiographical memory
This work explores the organization and structure of autobiographical memory. Based on over thirty years of research, and the latest empirical findings, it presents the major theories and problems in the science of autobiographical memory organization.
Book
Overgeneral and specific autobiographical memory predict the course of depression: an updated meta-analysis
Impairments in retrieving event-level, specific autobiographical memories, termed overgeneral memory (OGM), are recognised as a feature of clinical depression. A previous meta-analytic review assessing how OGM predicts the course of subsequent depressive symptoms showed small effects for correlations and regression analyses when baseline depressive symptoms were controlled for. We aimed to update this study and examine whether their findings replicate given the decade of research that has been published since. A systematic literature review using the same eligibility criteria as the previous meta-analysis led to a doubling of eligible studies (32 v. 15). The results provided more precise estimates of effect sizes, and largely support the finding that OGM predicts the course of depressive symptoms. The effects were generally small, but significantly larger among clinical samples, compared to studies with non-clinical samples. There was some evidence that higher age was associated with stronger effects, and longer follow-up was associated with weaker effects. The findings on other moderating variables that were analysed were mixed. Continued research into this modifiable cognitive process may help to provide an avenue to better understand and treat highly prevalent and impactful depressive disorders.
Journal Article
Why life speeds up as you get older : how memory shapes our past
Why Life Speeds Up As You Get Older raises almost as many questions as it answers. Draaisma explores the nature of autobiographical memory, covering subjects such as dejvu, near death experiences and the effect of severe trauma on memory recall, as well as human perceptions of time at different stages in life.
Book
Semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming occurs across multiple sources: Implications for autobiographical remembering
Mace, McQueen, Hayslett, Stalely, and Welch (
Memory & Cognition, 47,
299-312,
2019
) demonstrated that the activation of semantic memories leads to the activation of autobiographical memories. In that study, the semantic processing of concept words (e.g.,
garden
) was shown to prime related autobiographical memories (e.g., personal memories involving
garden
) on voluntary and involuntary autobiographical memory tasks. Our goal in the current study was to replicate such semantic-to-autobiographical priming effects, and show that they can be extended to a wider set of stimuli than reported in Mace et al. In Experiment
1
, semantic-to-autobiographical priming was obtained on a measure of involuntary autobiographical memory (the vigilance task) following the processing of concept words in insolation and within the context of a sentence. In Experiment
2
, semantic-to-autobiographical priming was again observed to occur with the vigilance task, but in this instance it occurred following the processing of both linguistic (words) and nonlinguistic (pictures) stimuli. The results of each of these experiments supports the idea that semantic-to-autobiographical activations occur within a wide variety of contexts (e.g., in language, perception, etc.). The implications of the results for autobiographical remembering are discussed.
Journal Article
Music‐Evoked Nostalgia Activates Default Mode and Reward Networks Across the Lifespan
Nostalgia is a mixed emotion that is often evoked by music. Nostalgic music may induce temporary improvements in autobiographical memory in individuals with cognitive decline. However, the neural mechanism underlying music‐evoked nostalgia and its associated memory improvements is unclear. With the ultimate goal of understanding how nostalgia‐evoking music may help retrieve autobiographical memories in individuals with cognitive impairment, we first sought to understand the neural underpinnings of these processes in healthy younger and older adults. Methodological constraints, including the lack of personally tailored and experimentally controlled stimuli, have impeded our understanding of this mechanism. Here, we utilized an innovative machine‐learning‐based method to construct three categories of songs, all matched for musical features: (1) personalized nostalgic, (2) familiar non‐nostalgic, and (3) unfamiliar non‐nostalgic. In 57 participants (29 aged 18–35; 28 aged 60 and older), we investigated the functional neural correlates of music‐evoked nostalgia using fMRI. Four main findings emerged: (1) Listening to nostalgic music, more than familiar non‐nostalgic or unfamiliar music, was associated with bilateral activity in the default mode network, salience network, reward network, medial temporal lobe, and supplementary motor regions, (2) Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) models indicated that listening to nostalgic music involved increased functional connectivity of self‐referential (posteromedial cortex) and affect‐related regions (insula), (3) Older adults had stronger BOLD signals than younger adults in nostalgia‐related regions during nostalgic listening, (4) While the BOLD response to nostalgic music in younger adults was associated with trait‐level factors of nostalgia proneness and cognitive ability, the response in older adults was related to affective responses to the music. Overall, our findings serve as a foundation for understanding the neural basis of music‐evoked nostalgia and its potential use in future clinical interventions. Music‐evoked nostalgia activates the default mode network, reward network, medial temporal lobe, and supplementary motor regions of the brain more than non‐nostalgic but familiar music that sounds musically similar in both younger and older adults.
Journal Article
Semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming causes involuntary autobiographical memory production: The effects of single and multiple prime presentations
A number of studies (Mace et al.,
Memory & Cognition, 47,
299–312,
2019
; Mace & Unlu,
Memory & Cognition
,
48
, 931–941,
2020
) have demonstrated that the activation of semantic memories leads to the activation of autobiographical memories on an involuntary memory task (the vigilance task; Schlagman & Kvavilashvili,
Memory & Cognition, 36
, 920–932,
2008
), suggesting that this form of priming (semantic-to-autobiographical) plays a role in the production of involuntary autobiographical memories in everyday life. In the current study, we investigated the effects of prime repetition on involuntary memory production in the vigilance task. Primed participants were either treated to one priming session, where they judged the familiarity of words (e.g.,
parade
), or three priming sessions, where they also judged the familiarity of words as well as decided whether sentences containing the words made sense (e.g., the
parade
dragged on for hours), and if their corresponding images were sensible (e.g., an image of a parade). The results showed that primed participants produced more involuntary memories with primed content on the vigilance task than control participants, and three-session primed participants produced more memories than one-session primed participants. Similar to other areas where prime repetition has been investigated (e.g., implicit memory, semantic priming), the results show that prime repetition enhances semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming. The results also further support the idea that semantic-to-autobiographical memory priming may play a significant role in the production of involuntary memories in everyday life, as concept repetition is a likely part of everyday experience. These implications, as well as others, are discussed.
Journal Article