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"Automobiles Motors Modification."
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Development and feasibility of a driving training program for Autistic student drivers
Driving licencing rates remain lower for autistic individuals capable of driving a motor vehicle, which can limit achieving independence in community mobility. However, there is limited autism-specific guidance in current driver training. The development and evaluation of the feasibility of an autism-specific Driving Training Program (DTP) intervention was conducted to improve the likelihood that autistic student drivers will safely and successfully learn to drive a motor vehicle and gain a driver’s licence. The DTP intervention was developed using a modified stepped approach for developing complex skills-based interventions. The Goals for Driving Education framework for explaining driving training behaviour modification formed the foundation of the intervention. A small-scale study was conducted using a single group pre-post-test design ( n = 5), followed by semi-structured interviews and a survey ( n = 12) to evaluate the feasibility of intervention components and participant acceptability. The driving performance of the autistic student drivers significantly improved, demonstrating the feasibility of the DTP intervention for training autistic student drivers to learn to drive. Participants also found the intervention acceptable, with program component refinement suggested. The DTP intervention is feasible for a larger randomised controlled trial after modifying highlighted program components.
Journal Article
OA22321 Road Behavior Research by R.S.I. “Panos Mylonas” with the support of the International Automobile Federation DRIVING CHANGE: Towards Safe Sustainable Mobility
Abstract
Background
As part of the program “Driving Change: Towards Safe and Sustainable Mobility”, the Hellenic Institute of Road Safety (RSI) “Panos Mylonas”, in collaboration with the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA), conducted a large-scale observational study aiming to record and analyze road user behavior in Greece.
Methods
The study was carried out across three different types of road networks (urban, rural, and high-speed road) and in three distinct geographical areas: Attica, Crete, and Evia. The methodology relied on naturalistic observation of a significant number of vehicles and users, ensuring the accurate depiction of real-life driving behaviors, free from self-reporting biases.
Results
The findings highlight deeply concerning gaps in compliance with fundamental safety measures, such as the consistent use of seatbelts and helmets, while also revealing the persistence of dangerous practices, including mobile phone use while driving.
Conclusions
The research findings served as the impetus for an open letter, aimed at strengthening action, collaboration, and targeted interventions on an institutional level, with the goal of changing behaviors to prevent and reduce road traffic incidents.
Journal Article
How to tune and modify automotive engine management systems
\"Understanding fuel injection and engine management systems is the key to extracting higher performance from today's automobiles in a safe, reliable, and driveable fashion. Turbochargers, superchargers, nitrous oxide, high compression ratios, radical camshafts: all are known to make horsepower, but without proper understanding and control of fuel injection and other electronic engine management systems, these popular power-adders will never live up to their potential and, at worst, can cause expensive engine damage. Drawing on a wealth of knowledge and experience and a background of more than 1,000 magazine articles on the subject, engine-control expert Jeff Hartman explains everything from the basics of fuel injection to the building of complex project cars. Hartman covers the latest developments in fuel-injection and engine management technology applied by both foreign and domestic manufacturers, including popular aftermarket systems. No other book in the market covers the subject of engine management systems from as many angles and as comprehensively as this book. Through his continuous magazine writing, author Jeff Hartman is always up-to-date with the newest fuel-injection and engine management products and systems. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
You want to sell this to me twice!? How perceptions of betrayal may undermine internal product upgrades
Physical products (e.g., cars, smartphones) increasingly evolve into dynamic service platforms that allow for customization through fee-based activation of restricted add-on features throughout their lifecycle. The authors refer to this emerging phenomenon as “internal product upgrades”. Drawing on normative expectations literature, this research examines pitfalls of internal product upgrades that marketers need to understand. Six experimental studies in two different contexts (consumer-electronics, automotive) reveal that consumers respond less favorably to internal (vs. external) product upgrades. The analyses show that customer-perceived betrayal, which results from increased feature ownership perceptions, drives the effects. Moreover, this research identifies three boundary conditions: it shows that the negative effects are attenuated when (1) the company (vs. consumer) executes the upgrading, and (2) consumers upgrade an intangible (vs. tangible) feature. Finally, consumers react less negatively when (3) the base product is less relevant to their self-identity.
Journal Article
A Driver Behavior-Based Lane-Changing Model for Urban Arterial Streets
Lane-changing algorithms have attracted increased attention during recent years. However, limited research has been conducted to address the probability of changing lanes as a function of driver characteristics and lane-changing scenarios. This study contributes to the development of a comprehensive framework for modeling drivers' lane-changing maneuver on arterials by using driver behavior-related data. Focus group studies and \"in-vehicle\" driving tests were performed to investigate the effects of driver type under various lane changes on urban arterials and to collect microscopic vehicular data. With these field collected values, a model was developed to estimate the probability of changing lanes under various lane-changing scenarios and to estimate the corresponding gap acceptance characteristics. The lane-changing probability for each scenario was modeled as a function of the factors identified from the focus group discussions, as well as the driver types. In the gap acceptance modeling, a sequence of \"hand-shaking negotiations\" was introduced to describe vehicle interactions that may occur during lane-changing maneuvers. The proposed lane-changing model was implemented in the CORSIM (CORrider SIMulation) micro-simulator. The simulation capabilities of the newly developed model were compared to the original lane-changing algorithm in CORSIM and to the field observations. The validation results indicated that the new model better replicates the observed traffic under various levels of flow.
Journal Article
Dynamic Battery Modeling for Electric Vehicle Applications
The development of accurate dynamic battery pack models for electric vehicles (EVs) is critical for the ongoing electrification of the global automotive vehicle fleet, as the battery is a key element in the energy performance of an EV powertrain system. The equivalent circuit model (ECM) technique at the cell level is commonly employed for this purpose, offering a balance of accuracy and efficiency in representing battery operation within the broader powertrain system. In this study, a second-order ECM model of a battery cell has been developed to ensure high accuracy and performance. Modelica, an acausal and object-oriented equation-based modeling language, has been used for its advantageous features, including the development of extendable, modifiable, modular, and reusable models. Parameter lookup tables at multiple levels of state of charge (SoC), extracted from lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells with four different commonly used cathode materials, have been utilized. This approach allows for the representation of the battery systems that are used in a wide range of commercial EV applications. To verify the model, an integrated EV model is developed, and the simulation results of the US Environmental Protection Agency Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75) driving cycle have been compared with an equivalent application in MATLAB Simulink. The findings demonstrate a close match between the results obtained from both models across different system points. Specifically, the maximum vehicle velocity deviation during the cycle reaches 1.22 km/h, 8.2% lower than the corresponding value of the reference application. The maximum deviation of SoC is limited to 0.06%, and the maximum value of relative voltage deviation is 1.49%. The verified model enables the exploration of multiple potential architecture configurations for EV powertrains using Modelica.
Journal Article
Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits
Interventions to change everyday behaviors often attempt to change people's beliefs and intentions. As the authors explain, these interventions are unlikely to be an effective means to change behaviors that people have repeated into habits. Successful habit change interventions involve disrupting the environmental factors that automatically cue habit performance. The authors propose two potential habit change interventions. \"Downstream-plus\" interventions provide informational input at points when habits are vulnerable to change, such as when people are undergoing naturally occurring changes in performance environments for many everyday actions (e.g., moving households, changing jobs). \"Upstream\" interventions occur before habit performance and disrupt old environmental cues and establish new ones. Policy interventions can be oriented not only to the change of established habits but also to the acquisition and maintenance of new behaviors through the formation of new habits.
Journal Article