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Background: Sleep-related breathing disorders may promote cardiovascular (CV) diseases. A novel and differentiated approach to overnight photoplethysmographic pulse wave analysis, which includes risk assessment and measurement of various pulse wave characteristics, has been evaluated in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess if and which of the differentiated pulse wave characteristics might be influenced by OSA treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP). Methods: The study included two protocols. In the case-control study (group A), pulse wave-derived CV risk indices recorded during PAP therapy were compared with those obtained in age, body mass index, and CV risk class-matched patients with untreated OSA (n = 67/67). In the prospective PAP treatment study (group B), 17 unselected patients undergoing a full-night sleep test at baseline and after 23 ± 19 weeks of treatment were analyzed. Results: In untreated OSA patients (group A), the overnight hypoxic load was increased (SpO 2 index 38.7 ± 17.5 vs. 24.0 ± 11.1, p < 0.001) and the pulse wave attenuation index (PWA-I) was lower (29.4 ± 9.2 vs. 33.5 ± 11.8, p = 0.022) than in treated patients. In group B, PAP therapy reduced the hypoxic load and increased the PWA-I significantly. The composite CV risk index was slightly but not significantly reduced. Conclusions: PAP therapy modified the hypoxic load and pulse wave-derived markers. The PWA-I - associated with sympathetic vascular tone - was most prominently modified by PAP. This novel approach to markers of CV function should be further evaluated in prospective studies.

Resumen: El presente artículo realiza un análisis de los precedentes inmediatos en la emergencia del Estado autonómico, de la elaboración del texto constitucional de 1978, singularmente de los contenidos constitucionales relativos a la organización territorial, su desarrollo posterior, y los problemas actuales. Abstract: The present article tries to realize an analysis of the immediate precedents of the emergence of the autonomic State, how the constitutional text grew, and singularly as it went over to the making of the constitutional content relative to the territorial distribution of the politician, as well as like its development, realizing a few juridical-political evaluations of this constitutional period after forty years of validity. Summary: 1. Introduction. 2. Immediate precedents: II Republic. 3. The defeat of the integral State. 4. The territorial question from 1936 to 1975. 5. The emergence of the autonomic State: Political context and preautonomies. 6. The constituent process. 7. The debate on nation and nationalities: the making of the art. 2 CE. 8. The creation of the autonomies. 9. The Title VIII or the constitutional lack of definition. 10. Conclusions.

Resumen: El trabajo analiza la evolución del modelo español de organización territorial del Estado, desde un planteamiento crítico con lo ocurrido en los últimos años, y reclamando como necesario un cambio de orientación, que debería ir en la línea del modelo federal.  Abstract: The paper analyzes the evolution of the Spanish model of territorial organisation of the State, from a critical approach with what has happened in the last few years, and calling for a change of direction, that should go in the federal model line.

El presente artículo realiza un análisis de los precedentes inmediatos en la emergencia del Estado autonómico, de la elaboración del texto consti tucional de 1978, singularmente de los contenidos constitucionales relativos a la organización territorial, su desarrollo posterior, y los problemas actuales.

En esta encuesta un grupo de profesores de Derecho Constitucional contestan un conjunto de preguntas sobre el principio de cooperación y su papel en los Estados descentralizados en general, y en el Estado autonómico en concreto; sobre el desigual desarrollo de los distintos tipos de relaciones de cooperación y las propuestas para mejorarlos; sobre la Conferencia de presidentes y, finalmente, sobre la cooperación territorial en situaciones extraordinarias, como la producida por la pandemia de Covid-19.

La crónica de este año se centra en la crisis sanitaria. Repasa primero los instrumentos que se han utilizado para contener el virus, prestando especial atención a la justificación del estado de alarma en sede parlamentaria. Posteriormente muestra la incidencia de estas medidas sobre la organización territorial del Estado, que ha dado lugar a la dinámica de la cogobernanza. Asimismo, se exponen las limitaciones de derechos que ha implicado el estado de alarma y la manera en que la nueva normalidad también ha restringido las libertades. Finalmente se describen las particularidades que durante este tiempo han experimentado el control político y el control jurídico. This year’s chronicle focuses on the health crisis. It takes account, firstly, of the instruments that have been used to contain the virus, paying special attention to the parliamentary justification of the state of alarm. After that, the essay is focused on the incidence of these measures on the territorial organization of the State, giving rise to the dynamics of co-governance. The paper also goes through the limitations of rights that the state of alarm has implied and the way in which the new normality has also restricted freedoms. Finally, it describes the particularities that political control and legal control during this year.

El derecho de residencia, entendido como el derecho subjetivo a elegir el lugar donde se desea residir, se encuentra, explicita o implícitamente, reconocido en las normas fundamentales que rigen tres sistemas políticos descentralizados paradigmáticos como son el federal norteamericano, el comunitario europeo y el autonómico español. Consecuencia fundamental del ejercicio efectivo de aquel derecho por los ciudadanos del respectivo sistema político es la posibilidad que tienen estos de acceder a los denominados derechos sociales, pues la residencia se ha constituido en la mayoría de sistemas políticos descentralizados en el elemento clave a la hora de determinar la capacidad de los ciudadanos de acceder a los derechos prestacionales otorgados en una determinada demarcación (estatal, autonómica o municipal) del territorio nacional/europeo. El derecho de residencia se constituye así en un derecho a tener derechos. Sin embargo, en los sistemas referidos ni el reconocimiento del derecho de residencia ni el reconocimiento del derecho de acceso a los derechos sociales una vez que se es residente se ha configurado de la misma manera. The right to residency, understood as the right to reside where one chooses, is recognized, explicitly or implicitly, within the legal framework that governs three paradigmatic decentralized political systems: the United States' federal system, the European Community system and the decentralized Spanish system. A fundamental consequence of the exercise of such right by the citizens of the respective political system is the ability of such citizens to access social rights. In fact, the right to residency has represented, in the majority of decentralized political systems, a key factor in determining the ability of citizens to access public benefits granted in a given region (federal, state, or local) within a country/Europe. The right to residency, thus, became a right to receive other rights. Nevertheless, in the above legal systems, neither the recognition of the right to residency nor the recognition of the right to access public benefits, once one is a resident, has been created in the same fashion.

This study aimed to clarify the physiological effects of touching wood with the palm, in comparison with touching other materials on brain activity and autonomic nervous activity. Eighteen female university students (mean age, 21.7  ±  1.6 years) participated in the study. As an indicator of brain activity, oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations were measured in the left/right prefrontal cortex using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Heart rate variability (HRV) was used as an indicator of autonomic nervous activity. The high-frequency (HF) component of HRV, which reflected parasympathetic nervous activity, and the low-frequency (LF)/HF ratio, which reflected sympathetic nervous activity, were measured. Plates of uncoated white oak, marble, tile, and stainless steel were used as tactile stimuli. After sitting at rest with their eyes closed, participants touched the materials for 90 s. As a result, tactile stimulation with white oak significantly (1) decreased the oxy-Hb concentration in the left/right prefrontal cortex relative to marble, tile, and stainless steel and (2) increased ln(HF)-reflected parasympathetic nervous activity relative to marble and stainless steel. In conclusion, our study revealed that touching wood with the palm calms prefrontal cortex activity and induces parasympathetic nervous activity more than other materials, thereby inducing physiological relaxation.

Background A compromised cardiac autonomic function has been found in subjects with insulin resistance related disorders such as obesity, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes and confers an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Growing evidence indicate that 1 h plasma glucose levels (1hPG) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 155 mg/dl identify amongst subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) a new category of prediabetes (NGT 1 h-high), harboring an increased risk of cardiovascular organ damage. In this study we explored the relationship between 1 h post-load hyperglycemia and cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Methods Presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) defined by cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs) and heart rate variability (HRV), assessed by 24-h electrocardiography were evaluated in 88 non-diabetic subjects subdivided on the basis of OGTT data in: NGT with 1 h PG < 155 mg/dl (NGT 1 h-low), NGT 1 h-high and IGT. Results As compared to subjects with NGT 1 h-low, those with NGT 1 h-high and IGT were more likely to have CARTs defined CAN and reduced values of the 24 h time domain HVR parameters including standard deviation of all normal heart cycles (SDNN), standard deviation of the average RR interval for each 5 min segment (SDANN), square root of the differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), percentage of beats with a consecutive RR interval difference > 50 ms (PNN50) and Triangular index. Univariate analyses showed that 1hPG, but not fasting and 2hPG, was inversely associated with all the explored HVR parameters and positively with CARTs determined presence of CAN. In multivariate regression analysis models including several confounders we found that 1hPG was an independent contributor of HRV and presence of CAN. Conclusion Subjects with 1hPG ≥ 155 mg/dl have an impaired cardiac autonomic function.