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"Autonomy in adolescence."
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Association between outdoor physical activity and positive mental health in adolescence: estimating the mediation effect of autonomy, competence and relatedness
Background
Both nature and physical activity practice have been identified as positive contributors to mental health and well-being. Engaging in outdoor physical activity (OPA) likely combines these benefits. However, the mechanisms through which these associations operate remain unknown. Since OPA can promote the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness and basic psychological needs are associated with positive mental health, they could represent a mediator in the OPA-positive mental health association. The aims of this study are to 1) estimate the association between OPA and positive mental health in adolescents and 2) examine whether satisfaction of autonomy, competence and relatedness mediate this relationship.
Methods
Data from the MATCH longitudinal study were used to examine these objectives in young (14–15 years), middle-age (15–16 years) and older (16–17 years) adolescents. OPA and satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness were self-reported three times per year. Positive mental health was self-reported once per year. Linear and logistic regression models (objective 1) and mediation analyses based on counterfactual definitions of natural direct (NDE) and natural indirect (NIE) effects (objective 2) were performed, adjusting for age, gender, puberty stage, and neighborhood income.
Results
No association was found between OPA frequency and positive mental health in young adolescents (OR [95% CI] = 1.10 [0.69, 1.75]); however, a positive association is observed in middle-age (OR [95% CI] = 1.99 [1.11, 3.57]) and older (OR [95% CI] = 3.40 [1.25, 10.09]) adolescents. Mediation analyses suggest that only relatedness may mediate the OPA-positive mental health association among middle-age adolescents.
Conclusions
Results indicate that OPA may relate differently to positive mental health across adolescence and that underpinning mechanisms need to be further investigated.
Journal Article
Autonomy and health-related quality of life in adolescents
Background
Autonomy is recognized as important for individual well-being and constitutes one dimension in the KIDSCREEN-instrument measuring health related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents. However, the autonomy questions in KIDSCREEN are restricted to opportunities to influence leisure time activities, which is a form of autonomy as volition. Yet, there are other aspects of autonomy that might be related to adolescent’s HRQoL. The aims of the present study were first to investigate the psychometric properties of a scale measuring autonomy in adolescence from a control perspective (AAC) including its relation to the autonomy dimension in KIDSCREEN, and second; to investigate AACs ability to predict each of the 10 dimensions constituting KIDSCREEN.
Methods
Students (
n
= 154) aged 15–16 years who were recruited from schools located in both low (two schools) and high (two schools) socioeconomic status (SES) areas in Sweden participated in a cross-sectional study. The adolescents answered a questionnaire including a new 6-item scale measuring perceived autonomy and HRQoL assessed by the KIDSCREEN-52 instrument. A factor analyses was computed to investigate the relation between the items in the AAC scale and the autonomy items in the KIDSCREEN instrument. Hierarchical regression analyses were computed to investigate if the AAC scale predicted HRQoL in any of the 10 dimensions in KIDSCREEN after controlling for gender, SES and the original autonomy scale included in KIDSCREEN.
Results
The factor analysis showed that all the items from the autonomy scale loaded in one factor and that all the items from the AAC scale loaded in another dimension. The hierarchical regression models showed that the AAC scale uniquely predicted HRQoL in all dimensions of the KIDSCREEN instrument after controlling for gender, SES and the original autonomy scale included in KIDSCREEN-52. A high level of perceived autonomy was associated with a high level of HRQoL for both scales.
Conclusion
A new scale for measuring autonomy from a control perspective has been presented and shown to differ from autonomy as volition. Both forms of autonomy are positively related to HRQoL in adolescence 15–16 years old.
Journal Article
Web-Based and Face-To-Face Autonomy-Supportive Intervention for Physical Education Teachers and Students’ Experiences
The most of the previous autonomy-supportive interventions conducted have been partially effective and used only web-based or face-to-face approach. In the current study, a combined web-based and face-to-face intervention for physical education (PE) teachers was tested to examine whether it would lead to significant changes in students’ self-reports of autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviours, psychological need satisfaction and frustration, and intrinsic motivation. Participants were 57 PE teachers (Mage = 45.70, SD = 12.79) and their 858 middle-school students (Mage = 13.22, SD = 0.75). A randomized controlled design was adopted in which PE teachers and their students were assigned to the combined face-to-face and web-based, face-to-face alone, web-based alone or control group. Face-to-face intervention was provided to PE teachers within one day in an 8-hour workshop and web-based intervention was provided to PE teachers for a period of four weeks. The combined face-to-face and web-based intervention group was the only study group that demonstrated statistically significant changes in all the study variables (i.e., significant increase in cognitive, organisational, and procedural autonomy-supportive behaviour, in psychological need satisfaction for autonomy, competence and relatedness, and in intrinsic motivation, whereas significant decrease in intimidation, controlling use of grades, and negative conditional regard, and in psychological need frustration for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) compared to the control group at a one-month follow-up. There were no significant differences in any of the study variable, except organisational autonomy support and intimidation, between the web-based intervention group and face-to-face intervention group. Both web-based and face-to-face study group students reported significant gains in most of the study variables compared to the control group students at a one-month follow-up. The current findings suggest that future autonomy-supportive interventions for PE teachers should aim to use combined interventions of face-to-face and web-based approach to gain the greatest intervention effects.
Journal Article
Adolescent girls in aquaculture ecozones at risk of nutrient deficiency in Bangladesh development and validation of an integrated metric
Background
This study developed and validated an integrated metric that enhances understanding of linkages between agro-ecological and socio-economic factors that are important for explaining nutritional wellbeing in relation to fish consumption; especially among adolescent girls who are at risk of nutritional deficiency in Bangladesh. Currently, there is no metric that takes account of environmental, cultural and economic contexts when considering fish consumption and dietary health from a policy perspective.
Methods
The study was designed as a bi-seasonal survey, repeated in the same population of adolescent girls recruited during the dry and wet seasons. Sampling was stratified by five settings (four aqua-agroecological zones and one processing plant community), with 60 girls recruited in each. Associations between candidate predictors (salinity, diet diversity, religion, socio-economic status and women’s autonomy score) and dependent variables representing nutritional outcomes (anthropometry, omega-3 index and micronutrient levels) were explored in multivariable regressions. The fitted model with its predictors was validated, and a risk score derived from responses to a few short questions on religion, salinity zone, female autonomy, diet diversity and tilapia consumption.
Results
The omega-3 index showed the clearest distinction between seasons, by salinity and religion. Higher female autonomy, religion (being Hindu rather than Muslim), geographical location (living in a high or mid-saline area), and a higher dietary diversity were the strongest predictors of whole blood omega-3 index. The c-index for the prognostic model was 0.83 and 0.76 in the wet and dry season respectively, indicating good predictive accuracy. There appeared to be a clear trend in risk scores differentiating between those ‘chronically at risk’ and those ‘never at risk’.
Conclusions
Observational data on different aquaculture-ecozones defined by salinity enabled us to establish linkages between seasonal fish intake, religion, diet diversity, female autonomy and nutritional wellbeing. The purpose of the metric is to reveal these specific linkages in practice. This tool should improve targeting of timely, preventative and cost-effective nutritional interventions to adolescent girls most at-risk from low omega-3 levels in communities where seafood is produced.
Journal Article
When the capacity to be alone is associated with psychological distress among Chinese adolescents: Individuals with low mindfulness or high rumination may suffer more by their capacity to be alone
Despite the capacity to be alone has been considered as a sign of maturity and inner peace for human beings, the contextual factors underlying the relation between the capacity to be alone and psychological distress remain unclear. This study speculated that the direct effect of the capacity to be alone on psychological distress may vary with the levels of individuals’ personality characteristics, such as rumination and mindfulness. To test these hypotheses, 815 middle school students were recruited to complete the self-report questionnaires measuring their capacity to be alone, psychological distress, ruminative responses and mindfulness. The results indicated that the capacity to be alone was positively associated with psychological distress. This direct effect could be moderated by rumination and mindfulness as well as the combined effect of these two. The direct effect was stronger for adolescents with high rumination and low mindfulness than those with low rumination and high mindfulness. These findings enrich our understanding of when or for whom the capacity to be alone is correlated with psychological distress. Moreover, these findings highlight the need to take individuals’ personality characteristics into account to reveal the relation between the capacity to be alone and psychological distress more accurately.
Journal Article
Parent’s sociodemographic factors, physical activity and active commuting are predictors of independent mobility to school
Background
Independent mobility (IM) provides young people with many opportunities to increase their autonomy and physical activity (PA). This study aimed to analyse whether the parent’s PA, active commuting to work and sociodemographic factors serve as predictors of IM to school in children and adolescents.
Methods
A total of 684 parents (52.8% mothers) and their offspring (56.4% girls) were included in this study, which was performed in Granada (Spain) and Valparaíso (Chile). The parents self-reported their sociodemographic characteristics, PA and mode of commuting to work. The mode of commuting to and from school and the offspring accompaniment mode were reported. T-test and chi-square test were used to study quantitative and qualitative differences by parental gender, respectively. Binary logistic regression models (odds ratio = OR) and stepwise analysis were performed to study the association between the parents’ sociodemographic variables and IM to school.
Results
Adolescents showed higher IM to school than children (58.9% vs 40.2%; p < 0.001). No car availability and shorter distance to work were positively associated with higher IM to school in children (OR = 2.22 and 2.29, respectively). Mothers' lower salary/month (OR = 2.75), no car availability (OR = 3.17), and mother passive commuting to work (OR = 2.61) were positively associated with higher IM to school in adolescents. The main predictor of IM to school in children and adolescents was no car availability (OR = 6.53).
Conclusion
Parental sociodemographic factors, such as salary, distance to work and car availability, were associated more strongly with IM than parental PA and active commuting to work.
Journal Article
'Not Independent Enough': Exploring the Tension Between Independence and Interdependence among Former Youth in Foster Care who are Emerging Adults
A long-standing belief in the value of independence has led to an emphasis on self-sufficiency in our programming, policy, and practice responses toward youth aging out of the foster care system--an ideal that often is difficult for young people to achieve. However, a growing body of research on interdependence suggests that healthy connections to trusted adults may better help youth navigate the transition to adulthood. Semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 youth explored conceptualizations of independence in the context of emancipation. Using thematic content analysis, themes indicate contradictory and deterministic ideas about self-sufficiency and adulthood. Findings imply tensions between independence and a developmentally normative need for interdependence during the period of emerging adulthood.
Journal Article
Autonomy, Post-puberty Bacha Posh and Third World Feminism in Selected Afghan Fiction
This paper examines the fictional representation of the ways in which Afghan girls attain autonomy in their post-puberty stage through the tradition of bacha posh (2) despite the traditional constraints to switch back to their gender at birth. This analysis of bacha posh characters in Ukmina Manoori's (3) I Am a Bacha Posh and Zarghuna Kargar's Bakhtawara's Story attempts to demonstrate how the bacha posh tradition develops the potential for transgression in Afghan girls, fostering a resistance to traditional gender roles. In doing so, this paper challenges and rebuts Western feminist views regarding Afghan women, who are stereotyped as incapable, voiceless, and oppressed entities. By drawing upon Andrea Veltman and Mark Piper's notion of \"autonomy,\" Marina Oshana's concept of commitment to feminism and autonomy, as well as the three intersecting elements of Catriona Mackenzie's concept of relational autonomy, i.e. \"self-determination,\" \"self-governance,\" and \"self-authorization\" (Mackenzie 15), this paper explores the autonomous nature of the bacha posh particularly after puberty in the Afghan context. This study highlights how the bacha posh tradition has proved to be an asset for these otherwise suppressed women by equipping them with confidence, determination, and authority. In doing so, this paper also aims at rebutting the criticism on bacha posh which has focused predominantly on its negative implications. This discussion also concentrates on how these Afghan girls utilize the tradition of bacha posh to improve the conditions of women in Afghanistan. The present research attempts at providing an intervention within the discourses surrounding post-puberty bacha posh identity. It not only explores a rather sensitive and provocative topic but also induces a shift within the perceptions regarding the bacha posh tradition and its ramifications. In doing so, this research serves as a key entry point for readers and counters misperceptions regarding this globally misunderstood Afghan tradition.
Journal Article