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"Aviation security"
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Permanent emergency : inside the TSA and the fight for the future of American security
\"Since 2001 the TSA has accepted responsibility for protecting over two million people a day at U.S. airports and managing transportation operations around the world. But how effective is this beleaguered agency, and is it really keeping us safe from terrorism? In this riveting expose, former TSA administrator Kip Hawley reveals the secrets behind the agency's ongoing battle to outthink and outmaneuver terrorists, illuminating the flawed, broken system that struggles to stay one step ahead of catastrophe. Citing numerous thwarted plots and government actions that have never before been revealed publicly, Hawley suggests that the fundamental mistake in America's approach to national security is requiring a protocol for every contingency. Instead, he claims, we must learn to live with reasonable risk so that we can focus our efforts on long-term, big-picture strategy, rather than expensive and ineffective regulations that only slow us down\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
AERODROM security climate: development and validation of the aerodrome security climate questionnaire (ADSECQ)
Large numbers of passengers and large amounts of goods are transported by air every year. This attracts the interest of terrorists, which poses high demands on aerodrome security. Technological solutions, and rules and regulations, have been widely implemented to detect security threats, but there is also a need for leading security indicators. Safety culture and climate have been identified as such leading indicators. The aim of this study was to develop and test a questionnaire instrument to measure aerodrome security climate. The development contained an expert focus group, expert panel, two pilot tests at four and five airports, respectively, and one full-scale study at nine Swedish commercial airports. The final instrument comprised 12 dimensions grounded in previous safety culture and climate research, and targeting three organizational levels. It had good psychometric properties and was validated against compliant as well as participative security behavior. We believe ADSECQ is suitable to evaluate the aerodrome security climate standard, pinpoint security climate areas for improvement, and evaluate the effect of interventions.
Journal Article
From above : war, violence, and verticality
\"A series of in-depth accounts of 'the view from above' in shaping notions of territory, security and conflict\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Meta-Transfer Learning Driven Tensor-Shot Detector for the Autonomous Localization and Recognition of Concealed Baggage Threats
Screening baggage against potential threats has become one of the prime aviation security concerns all over the world, where manual detection of prohibited items is a time-consuming and hectic process. Many researchers have developed autonomous systems to recognize baggage threats using security X-ray scans. However, all of these frameworks are vulnerable against screening cluttered and concealed contraband items. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no framework possesses the capacity to recognize baggage threats across multiple scanner specifications without an explicit retraining process. To overcome this, we present a novel meta-transfer learning-driven tensor-shot detector that decomposes the candidate scan into dual-energy tensors and employs a meta-one-shot classification backbone to recognize and localize the cluttered baggage threats. In addition, the proposed detection framework can be well-generalized to multiple scanner specifications due to its capacity to generate object proposals from the unified tensor maps rather than diversified raw scans. We have rigorously evaluated the proposed tensor-shot detector on the publicly available SIXray and GDXray datasets (containing a cumulative of 1,067,381 grayscale and colored baggage X-ray scans). On the SIXray dataset, the proposed framework achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.6457, and on the GDXray dataset, it achieved the precision and F1 score of 0.9441 and 0.9598, respectively. Furthermore, it outperforms state-of-the-art frameworks by 8.03% in terms of mAP, 1.49% in terms of precision, and 0.573% in terms of F1 on the SIXray and GDXray dataset, respectively.
Journal Article
A dynamic decision-making approach for cabin unlawful interference emergency disposal using dynamic Bayesian network
Disposal of unlawful interference incidents is essential for is crucial for the advancement of aviation security. Effective emergency disposal requires a comprehensive approach that includes the perspectives of airlines, airports, and passengers. In this context, each component of the disposal process can fail randomly. The objective of this research is to optimize emergency disposal decisions to enhance the efficiency of civil aviation operations, reduce accidents, and lower costs. Given the dynamic complexity of unlawful interference incidents, a dynamic fault tree consisting of 26 nodes was constructed to analyze the emergency disposal process. To explore the relationships and priorities of each event, the Dynamic Fault Tree is converted into a dynamic Bayesian network. Based on historical statistical data, simulation analysis is conducted in three aspects: posterior probability, sensitivity, and importance. Simulation results reveal that the top three critical nodes in cabin unlawful interference incidents are “structural damage to the cabin,” “inadequate training by airlines,” and “untimely airport police takeover of disruptive passengers.” Further analysis shows that (1) most of the critical nodes are associated with airlines. (2) The decision-making rationale and pathways of the critical nodes can be clearly observed and prioritized. (3) Besides airlines, other entities such as airports can implement targeted emergency disposal measures. Through quantitative analysis and simulation, this study provides decision-making guidance for participating groups on dynamic emergency disposal, thereby enhancing civil aviation security.
Journal Article
Cybersecurity in Aviation: Exploring the Significance, Applications, and Challenges of Cybersecurity in the Aviation Sector
The increasing reliance on digital technologies in the aviation industry has amplified the need for robust cybersecurity measures. This article examines the critical issue of cybersecurity in aviation, exploring its importance, applications, and associated challenges. Through an analysis of real-world examples of cyber-attacks against aviation, the article highlights the potential consequences of inadequate security measures. Various applications of cybersecurity in aviation are explored, including air traffic management (ATM) Security, blockchain technology, airports, and aircraft systems protection. Furthermore, the article delves into the challenges faced by the industry in implementing effective cybersecurity protocols, considering factors such as evolving cyber threats, system interconnectivity, and the need to balance security with operational efficiency. The findings underscore the vital role of cybersecurity in safeguarding critical systems, protecting passenger data, and maintaining the integrity of aviation operations. The article concludes by emphasizing the necessity for continuous collaboration, information sharing, and investment in research and development to address emerging threats and ensure a secure future for the aviation industry.
Journal Article
How Realistic Is Threat Image Projection for X-ray Baggage Screening?
At airports, security officers (screeners) inspect X-ray images of passenger baggage in order to prevent threat items (bombs, guns, knives, etc.) from being brought onto an aircraft. Because threat items rarely occur, many airports use a threat-image-projection (TIP) system, which projects pre-recorded X-ray images of threat items onto some of the X-ray baggage images in order to improve the threat detection of screeners. TIP is regulatorily mandated in many countries and is also used to identify officers with insufficient threat-detection performance. However, TIP images sometimes look unrealistic because of artifacts and unrealistic scenarios, which could reduce the efficacy of TIP. Screeners rated a representative sample of TIP images regarding artifacts identified in a pre-study. We also evaluated whether specific image characteristics affect the occurrence rate of artifacts. 24% of the TIP images were rated to display artifacts and 26% to depict unrealistic scenarios, with 34% showing at least one of the two. With two-thirds of the TIP images having been perceived as realistic, we argue that TIP still serves its purpose, but artifacts and unrealistic scenarios should be reduced. Recommendations on how to improve the efficacy of TIP by considering image characteristics are provided.
Journal Article
Ensuring the Security of Civil Aviation against the Terrorist Phenomenon in the Legislation of the European Union
The European Union is a supranational structure and is an important part of the global civil aviation market. Terrorist acts are the most dangerous challenge to civil aviation security in the 20th and 21st centuries. Ensuring civil aviation security is one of the key priorities of the member states in particular and the European Union in particular.This article reflects attempts to regulate the process of preventing the negative effects of the terrorist phenomenon on the process of ensuring civil aviation security in the European Union. Following the tragic events of September 11th, 2001 in the United States, the process of regulating civil aviation security in the European Union has rapidly developed. Subsequent attempts to carry out terrorist attacks on civilian aircraft, as well as world experience, have contributed to the awareness of the need to regulate this process at the supranational level. The systemic analysis of the legal norms at the level of the European Union that have as object of regulation the assurance of the civil aviation security is the analysis object of this research.
Journal Article
